Environmental Chemistry

  1. Chemistry of the Geosphere and Pedosphere
    1. Soil Composition and Structure
      1. Inorganic Components
        1. Primary Minerals
          1. Quartz
            1. Feldspars
              1. Micas
              2. Secondary Minerals
                1. Clay Minerals
                  1. Kaolinite
                    1. Montmorillonite
                      1. Illite
                      2. Iron and Aluminum Oxides
                      3. Weathering Processes
                        1. Physical Weathering
                          1. Chemical Weathering
                            1. Biological Weathering
                          2. Organic Components
                            1. Soil Organic Matter
                              1. Fresh Organic Matter
                                1. Partially Decomposed Matter
                                  1. Humus
                                  2. Humic Substances
                                    1. Fulvic Acids
                                      1. Properties and Structure
                                        1. Environmental Roles
                                        2. Humic Acids
                                          1. Properties and Structure
                                            1. Environmental Roles
                                            2. Humin
                                            3. Decomposition Processes
                                              1. Microbial Decomposition
                                                1. Enzymatic Processes
                                                  1. Factors Affecting Decomposition
                                                2. Soil Physical Properties
                                                  1. Soil Texture
                                                    1. Sand, Silt, Clay Fractions
                                                      1. Particle Size Distribution
                                                      2. Soil Structure
                                                        1. Aggregation
                                                          1. Pore Space
                                                          2. Soil Air
                                                            1. Gas Exchange
                                                              1. Oxygen Availability
                                                              2. Soil Water
                                                                1. Water Retention
                                                                  1. Water Movement
                                                                    1. Field Capacity
                                                                2. Chemical Processes in Soils
                                                                  1. Ion Exchange
                                                                    1. Cation Exchange Capacity
                                                                      1. Measurement Methods
                                                                        1. Factors Affecting CEC
                                                                          1. Environmental Significance
                                                                          2. Anion Exchange
                                                                            1. Mechanisms
                                                                              1. pH Dependence
                                                                            2. Soil pH and Acidity
                                                                              1. Sources of Soil Acidity
                                                                                1. Organic Acid Production
                                                                                  1. Aluminum Hydrolysis
                                                                                    1. Acid Deposition
                                                                                    2. pH Buffering
                                                                                      1. Carbonate System
                                                                                        1. Clay Minerals
                                                                                          1. Organic Matter
                                                                                          2. Effects on Nutrient Availability
                                                                                            1. Macronutrients
                                                                                              1. Micronutrients
                                                                                                1. Toxic Elements
                                                                                              2. Redox Processes
                                                                                                1. Soil Redox Potential
                                                                                                  1. Measurement and Interpretation
                                                                                                    1. Factors Affecting Redox
                                                                                                    2. Electron Acceptors
                                                                                                      1. Oxygen
                                                                                                        1. Nitrate
                                                                                                          1. Manganese Oxides
                                                                                                            1. Iron Oxides
                                                                                                              1. Sulfate
                                                                                                              2. Redox Effects on Element Mobility
                                                                                                                1. Iron and Manganese
                                                                                                                  1. Nitrogen Transformations
                                                                                                                    1. Sulfur Transformations
                                                                                                                  2. Sorption Processes
                                                                                                                    1. Adsorption Mechanisms
                                                                                                                      1. Physical Adsorption
                                                                                                                        1. Chemical Adsorption
                                                                                                                          1. Ion Exchange
                                                                                                                          2. Desorption Processes
                                                                                                                            1. Reversibility
                                                                                                                              1. Hysteresis Effects
                                                                                                                              2. Factors Affecting Sorption
                                                                                                                                1. pH Effects
                                                                                                                                  1. Ionic Strength
                                                                                                                                    1. Competing Ions
                                                                                                                                      1. Organic Matter Content
                                                                                                                                  2. Soil and Sediment Contamination
                                                                                                                                    1. Contamination Sources
                                                                                                                                      1. Agricultural Inputs
                                                                                                                                        1. Pesticides
                                                                                                                                          1. Application Methods
                                                                                                                                            1. Persistence Factors
                                                                                                                                              1. Leaching Potential
                                                                                                                                              2. Fertilizers
                                                                                                                                                1. Nitrogen Fertilizers
                                                                                                                                                  1. Phosphorus Fertilizers
                                                                                                                                                    1. Trace Element Contamination
                                                                                                                                                    2. Animal Wastes
                                                                                                                                                      1. Nutrient Loading
                                                                                                                                                        1. Pathogen Concerns
                                                                                                                                                      2. Industrial Activities
                                                                                                                                                        1. Manufacturing Wastes
                                                                                                                                                          1. Chemical Spills
                                                                                                                                                            1. Atmospheric Deposition
                                                                                                                                                            2. Mining Operations
                                                                                                                                                              1. Acid Mine Drainage
                                                                                                                                                                1. Pyrite Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Metal Mobilization
                                                                                                                                                                    1. pH Effects
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Tailings and Waste Rock
                                                                                                                                                                    3. Waste Disposal
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Landfills
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Leachate Generation
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gas Production
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Hazardous Waste Sites
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Major Soil Contaminants
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Heavy Metals
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lead
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sources and Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Soil Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cadmium
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sources and Mobility
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Plant Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Mercury
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Methylation Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bioaccumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Arsenic
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Speciation
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mobility Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Chromium
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Oxidation States
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Toxicity Differences
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Organic Contaminants
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Petroleum Hydrocarbons
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Biodegradation Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Chlorinated Solvents
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tetrachloroethylene
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Trichloroethylene
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Volatility and Mobility
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sources and Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Environmental Fate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Carcinogenic Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Site Remediation
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Site Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Contamination Characterization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sampling Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Analytical Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spatial Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Exposure Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Receptor Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Risk Quantification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Remediation Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Physical and Chemical Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Excavation and Disposal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Off-site Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Landfill Disposal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Soil Washing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Surfactant Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Acid Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Process Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Soil Vapor Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vacuum Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Volatile Contaminants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Enhancement Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chemical Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Permanganate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hydrogen Peroxide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ozone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Stabilization and Solidification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cement-based Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Polymer Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Biological Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bioremediation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Aerobic Biodegradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anaerobic Biodegradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Factors Affecting Biodegradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Bioaugmentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Microbial Inoculation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Genetically Engineered Organisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Biostimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nutrient Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Oxygen Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. pH Adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Phytoremediation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Phytoextraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Phytostabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Rhizofiltration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Plant Selection Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Thermal Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. In-situ Thermal Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Steam Injection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Electrical Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Ex-situ Thermal Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Incineration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Thermal Desorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Containment Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Capping Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clay Caps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Synthetic Liners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Barrier Walls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Slurry Walls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sheet Pile Walls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Pump and Treat Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Groundwater Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Treatment Technologies

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            4. Chemistry of the Hydrosphere

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            6. Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment