Environmental Biology and Physiology

  1. Integrative and Applied Environmental Physiology
    1. Physiology of Life History Transitions
      1. Metamorphosis
        1. Hormonal Regulation
          1. Thyroid Hormones
            1. Ecdysone
              1. Juvenile Hormone
                1. Growth Factors
                2. Morphological Changes
                  1. Tissue Remodeling
                    1. Organ Development
                      1. Structural Reorganization
                    2. Migration
                      1. Energetic Demands
                        1. Fuel Storage
                          1. Energy Expenditure
                            1. Metabolic Efficiency
                              1. Recovery Requirements
                              2. Orientation Mechanisms
                                1. Magnetic Navigation
                                  1. Celestial Cues
                                    1. Landmark Recognition
                                      1. Olfactory Guidance
                                    2. Reproduction
                                      1. Environmental Cues
                                        1. Photoperiod
                                          1. Temperature
                                            1. Resource Availability
                                              1. Social Signals
                                              2. Parental Investment
                                                1. Energy Allocation
                                                  1. Care Behaviors
                                                    1. Offspring Quality
                                                      1. Trade-offs
                                                    2. Senescence
                                                      1. Physiological Decline
                                                        1. Cellular Aging
                                                          1. Organ System Deterioration
                                                            1. Immune System Changes
                                                            2. Longevity Mechanisms
                                                              1. DNA Repair
                                                                1. Antioxidant Systems
                                                                  1. Stress Resistance
                                                                    1. Caloric Restriction
                                                                2. Energetics of Foraging and Locomotion
                                                                  1. Cost of Transport
                                                                    1. Metabolic Costs
                                                                      1. Efficiency Measures
                                                                        1. Speed Relationships
                                                                          1. Mode Comparisons
                                                                          2. Optimal Foraging Theory
                                                                            1. Energy Maximization
                                                                              1. Time Minimization
                                                                                1. Risk Assessment
                                                                                  1. Patch Selection
                                                                                  2. Locomotor Adaptations
                                                                                    1. Morphological Specializations
                                                                                      1. Physiological Adaptations
                                                                                        1. Behavioral Strategies
                                                                                          1. Environmental Constraints
                                                                                        2. Sensory Physiology and the Environment
                                                                                          1. Chemoreception
                                                                                            1. Olfaction
                                                                                              1. Receptor Mechanisms
                                                                                                1. Signal Transduction
                                                                                                  1. Behavioral Responses
                                                                                                    1. Environmental Applications
                                                                                                    2. Gustation
                                                                                                      1. Taste Receptors
                                                                                                        1. Chemical Detection
                                                                                                          1. Food Selection
                                                                                                            1. Toxin Avoidance
                                                                                                          2. Mechanoreception
                                                                                                            1. Lateral Line System
                                                                                                              1. Water Movement Detection
                                                                                                                1. Pressure Waves
                                                                                                                  1. Predator Avoidance
                                                                                                                  2. Tactile Sensing
                                                                                                                    1. Touch Receptors
                                                                                                                      1. Texture Discrimination
                                                                                                                        1. Spatial Awareness
                                                                                                                      2. Electroreception
                                                                                                                        1. Electric Field Detection
                                                                                                                          1. Passive Electroreception
                                                                                                                            1. Active Electroreception
                                                                                                                              1. Prey Detection
                                                                                                                            2. Magnetoreception
                                                                                                                              1. Magnetic Field Sensing
                                                                                                                                1. Magnetite-based Systems
                                                                                                                                  1. Cryptochrome-based Systems
                                                                                                                                    1. Orientation Behaviors
                                                                                                                                2. Conservation Physiology
                                                                                                                                  1. Assessing Sub-lethal Stress
                                                                                                                                    1. Biomarkers
                                                                                                                                      1. Stress Proteins
                                                                                                                                        1. Enzyme Activities
                                                                                                                                          1. Cellular Damage Indicators
                                                                                                                                            1. Immune Function Measures
                                                                                                                                            2. Stress Hormones
                                                                                                                                              1. Cortisol Levels
                                                                                                                                                1. Catecholamine Responses
                                                                                                                                                  1. Chronic vs. Acute Stress
                                                                                                                                                    1. Non-invasive Sampling
                                                                                                                                                  2. Physiological Indicators of Population Health
                                                                                                                                                    1. Reproductive Success
                                                                                                                                                      1. Fertility Measures
                                                                                                                                                        1. Offspring Survival
                                                                                                                                                          1. Breeding Success
                                                                                                                                                            1. Population Growth
                                                                                                                                                            2. Body Condition Indices
                                                                                                                                                              1. Fat Reserves
                                                                                                                                                                1. Muscle Mass
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Organ Condition
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Health Assessments
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Predicting Responses to Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Thermal Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Critical Temperatures
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Acclimation Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Genetic Variation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Population Differences
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Range Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Physiological Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dispersal Abilities
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Habitat Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Adaptation Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Physiology of Captive Breeding
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Environmental Enrichment
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Behavioral Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Physiological Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Stress Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Natural Behaviors
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Reintroduction Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pre-release Conditioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Physiological Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Survival Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Monitoring Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Urban Environmental Physiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Responses to Noise Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Auditory System Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hearing Sensitivity Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Frequency Adjustments
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Masking Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Stress Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hormonal Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Behavioral Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Reproductive Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Health Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Responses to Light Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Disruption of Biological Rhythms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Circadian Clock Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Melatonin Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Activity Pattern Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Effects on Reproduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Breeding Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mate Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Offspring Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Adaptation to Urban Heat Islands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Thermoregulatory Adjustments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Heat Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cooling Behaviors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Microhabitat Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Altered Resource Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Diet Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Food Source Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nutritional Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Foraging Behaviors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Digestive Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Water Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Availability Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Quality Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Access Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Conservation Behaviors

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                6. The Chemical Environment and Ecotoxicology

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Foundational Concepts in Environmental Physiology