Environmental Biology and Physiology

6.

The Chemical Environment and Ecotoxicology

6.1.

6.1.1.

6.1.1.1.

6.1.1.2.

6.1.1.3.

6.1.1.4.

Phenolic Compounds

6.1.2.

6.1.2.1.

6.1.2.2.

Defensive Secretions

6.1.2.3.

6.1.3.

Microbial Toxins

6.1.3.1.

Bacterial Toxins

6.1.3.2.

Fungal Mycotoxins

6.1.3.3.

6.2.

Anthropogenic Toxins

6.2.1.

Industrial Chemicals

6.2.1.1.

6.2.1.2.

Organic Solvents

6.2.1.3.

6.2.1.4.

Flame Retardants

6.2.2.

6.2.2.1.

6.2.2.2.

6.2.2.3.

6.2.2.4.

6.2.3.

Pharmaceuticals

6.2.3.1.

6.2.3.2.

6.2.3.3.

6.2.3.4.

Psychoactive Compounds

6.3.

Physiological Toxicology

6.3.1.

Uptake of Toxins

6.3.1.1.

Routes of Entry

6.3.1.1.1.

Dermal Absorption

6.3.1.1.2.

Respiratory Uptake

6.3.1.1.3.

Gastrointestinal Absorption

6.3.1.1.4.

Direct Injection

6.3.2.

Biotransformation of Toxins

6.3.2.1.

Phase I and Phase II Reactions

6.3.2.1.1.

Oxidation Reactions

6.3.2.1.2.

6.3.2.1.3.

Conjugation Reactions

6.3.2.1.4.

6.3.3.

Elimination of Toxins

6.3.3.1.

Excretion Pathways

6.3.3.1.1.

Renal Excretion

6.3.3.1.2.

Biliary Excretion

6.3.3.1.3.

Respiratory Excretion

6.3.3.1.4.

Dermal Excretion

6.3.4.

Detoxification Enzymes

6.3.4.1.

Cytochrome P450

6.3.4.1.1.

Enzyme Families

6.3.4.1.2.

Substrate Specificity

6.3.4.1.3.

Induction Mechanisms

6.3.4.2.

Glutathione S-Transferases

6.3.4.2.1.

Conjugation Reactions

6.3.4.2.2.

Cellular Protection

6.3.4.2.3.

Genetic Polymorphisms

6.4.

Bioaccumulation

6.4.1.

Mechanisms and Consequences

6.4.1.1.

6.4.1.2.

Elimination Rates

6.4.1.3.

Tissue Distribution

6.4.1.4.

Concentration Factors

6.5.

Biomagnification

6.5.1.

Trophic Transfer

6.5.1.1.

Food Web Dynamics

6.5.1.2.

Concentration Increases

6.5.1.3.

Predator-Prey Relationships

6.5.1.4.

Ecosystem Effects

6.6.

Endocrine Disruption

6.6.1.

Mechanisms of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)

6.6.1.1.

Receptor Binding

6.6.1.2.

Hormone Synthesis Interference

6.6.1.3.

Hormone Transport Disruption

6.6.1.4.

Metabolic Interference

6.6.2.

Effects on Reproduction

6.6.2.1.

Gonadal Development

6.6.2.2.

Gamete Production

6.6.2.3.

Mating Behaviors

6.6.2.4.

Fertility Impacts

6.6.3.

Effects on Development

6.6.3.1.

Embryonic Development

6.6.3.2.

6.6.3.3.

Growth Patterns

6.6.3.4.

Sexual Differentiation

6.7.

Physiological Effects of Pollutants

6.7.1.

6.7.1.1.

6.7.1.1.1.

Neurological Effects

6.7.1.1.2.

Bioaccumulation

6.7.1.1.3.

Methylation Processes

6.7.1.2.

6.7.1.2.1.

Nervous System Damage

6.7.1.2.2.

Hematopoietic Effects

6.7.1.2.3.

Developmental Impacts

6.7.1.3.

6.7.1.3.1.

6.7.1.3.2.

6.7.1.3.3.

Cellular Toxicity

6.7.2.

6.7.2.1.

Organophosphates

6.7.2.1.1.

Cholinesterase Inhibition

6.7.2.1.2.

Nervous System Effects

6.7.2.1.3.

Acute vs. Chronic Exposure

6.7.2.2.

Organochlorines

6.7.2.2.1.

Lipophilic Accumulation

6.7.2.2.2.

Endocrine Disruption

6.7.2.2.3.

Persistence Issues

6.7.3.

6.7.3.1.

6.7.3.1.1.

Respiratory Irritation

6.7.3.1.2.

Oxidative Stress

6.7.3.1.3.

Cellular Damage

6.7.3.2.

Particulate Matter

6.7.3.2.1.

Respiratory Deposition

6.7.3.2.2.

Inflammatory Responses

6.7.3.2.3.

Cardiovascular Effects

6.7.4.

Water Pollutants

6.7.4.1.

Nutrient Runoff

6.7.4.1.1.

Eutrophication Effects

6.7.4.1.2.

Oxygen Depletion

6.7.4.1.3.

6.7.4.2.

Organic Contaminants

6.7.4.2.1.

Persistent Organic Pollutants

6.7.4.2.2.

Pharmaceutical Residues

6.7.4.2.3.

Industrial Chemicals

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7. Integrative and Applied Environmental Physiology