Environmental Biology and Physiology

  1. Other Abiotic Environmental Factors
    1. Light and Biological Rhythms
      1. Photoperiodism
        1. Seasonal Responses
          1. Day Length Detection
            1. Critical Photoperiods
              1. Long-day vs. Short-day Responses
              2. Reproductive Timing
                1. Gonadal Development
                  1. Breeding Seasons
                    1. Migration Timing
                  2. Circadian Rhythms
                    1. Molecular Mechanisms
                      1. Clock Genes
                        1. Transcriptional Loops
                          1. Post-translational Modifications
                          2. Entrainment
                            1. Light-dark Cycles
                              1. Temperature Cycles
                                1. Social Cues
                              2. Circatidal and Circaannual Rhythms
                                1. Tidal and Annual Cycles
                                  1. Lunar Influences
                                    1. Seasonal Patterns
                                      1. Endogenous Oscillators
                                    2. The Pineal Gland
                                      1. Melatonin Synthesis
                                        1. Enzymatic Pathways
                                          1. Circadian Regulation
                                            1. Seasonal Variations
                                            2. Regulation of Rhythms
                                              1. Hormonal Signals
                                                1. Neural Pathways
                                                  1. Target Tissues
                                                2. Cryptochromes
                                                  1. Photoreception and Signal Transduction
                                                    1. Blue Light Sensitivity
                                                      1. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                        1. Circadian Clock Integration
                                                    2. Hydrostatic Pressure
                                                      1. Deep-Sea Organisms
                                                        1. Cellular and Molecular Adaptations
                                                          1. Protein Structure Changes
                                                            1. Membrane Adaptations
                                                              1. Enzyme Function
                                                                1. Metabolic Adjustments
                                                              2. High-Pressure Neurological Syndrome
                                                                1. Symptoms and Mechanisms
                                                                  1. Nervous System Effects
                                                                    1. Behavioral Changes
                                                                      1. Physiological Disruptions
                                                                    2. Piezolytes
                                                                      1. Macromolecular Stabilization
                                                                        1. Osmolyte Function
                                                                          1. Protein Protection
                                                                            1. Membrane Stabilization
                                                                            2. Pressure-Resistant Proteins
                                                                              1. Structural Modifications
                                                                                1. Functional Maintenance
                                                                                  1. Evolutionary Adaptations
                                                                              2. Environmental pH and Salinity
                                                                                1. Acid-Base Balance
                                                                                  1. Buffer Systems
                                                                                    1. Bicarbonate System
                                                                                      1. Phosphate System
                                                                                        1. Protein Buffers
                                                                                        2. Respiratory and Renal Compensation
                                                                                          1. Ventilation Adjustments
                                                                                            1. Kidney Function
                                                                                              1. Ion Exchange
                                                                                            2. Responses to Acid Rain
                                                                                              1. Physiological Effects
                                                                                                1. Gill Damage
                                                                                                  1. Ion Regulation Disruption
                                                                                                    1. Reproductive Effects
                                                                                                      1. Behavioral Changes
                                                                                                    2. Responses to Ocean Acidification
                                                                                                      1. Calcification and Shell Formation
                                                                                                        1. Carbonate Chemistry
                                                                                                          1. Shell Dissolution
                                                                                                            1. Energy Costs
                                                                                                              1. Protective Mechanisms

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                                                                                                        4. The Gaseous Environment

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                                                                                                        6. The Chemical Environment and Ecotoxicology