Environmental Biology and Physiology

  1. Water and Solute Balance
    1. The Aquatic Environment
      1. Osmoconformers
        1. Mechanisms of Osmotic Balance
          1. Passive Equilibration
            1. Cellular Volume Regulation
              1. Amino Acid Accumulation
                1. Inorganic Ion Regulation
              2. Osmoregulators
                1. Active Regulation of Internal Osmolarity
                  1. Energy Requirements
                    1. Regulatory Set Points
                      1. Tolerance Ranges
                        1. Regulatory Organs
                      2. Physiology of Marine Invertebrates
                        1. Ion Regulation
                          1. Sodium-Potassium Balance
                            1. Calcium Regulation
                              1. Magnesium Handling
                                1. Sulfate Excretion
                                2. Water Balance
                                  1. Osmotic Water Movement
                                    1. Cell Volume Control
                                      1. Tissue Hydration
                                    2. Physiology of Marine Vertebrates
                                      1. Teleosts
                                        1. Salt Excretion
                                          1. Gill Ion Transport
                                            1. Chloride Cells
                                              1. Active Transport Mechanisms
                                              2. Drinking Seawater
                                                1. Intestinal Water Absorption
                                                  1. Salt Loading
                                                    1. Renal Processing
                                                  2. Elasmobranchs
                                                    1. Urea Retention
                                                      1. Kidney Function
                                                        1. Gill Permeability
                                                          1. Tissue Tolerance
                                                          2. Rectal Gland Function
                                                            1. Salt Secretion
                                                              1. Hormonal Control
                                                                1. Anatomical Structure
                                                            2. Physiology of Freshwater Organisms
                                                              1. Ion Uptake
                                                                1. Gill Transport
                                                                  1. Dietary Sources
                                                                    1. Active Uptake Mechanisms
                                                                      1. Minimum Requirements
                                                                      2. Water Excretion
                                                                        1. Kidney Function
                                                                          1. Urine Production
                                                                            1. Osmotic Challenges
                                                                          2. Anadromous Life Cycles
                                                                            1. Physiological Transitions
                                                                              1. Smoltification
                                                                                1. Gill Remodeling
                                                                                  1. Hormonal Changes
                                                                                    1. Behavioral Modifications
                                                                                  2. Catadromous Life Cycles
                                                                                    1. Osmoregulatory Adjustments
                                                                                      1. Freshwater Adaptations
                                                                                        1. Marine Preparations
                                                                                          1. Reproductive Migrations
                                                                                      2. The Terrestrial Environment
                                                                                        1. Sources of Water Gain
                                                                                          1. Drinking
                                                                                            1. Behavioral Patterns
                                                                                              1. Water Quality Requirements
                                                                                                1. Seasonal Availability
                                                                                                2. Preformed Water in Food
                                                                                                  1. Food Water Content
                                                                                                    1. Dietary Contributions
                                                                                                      1. Prey Selection
                                                                                                      2. Metabolic Water Production
                                                                                                        1. Oxidative Metabolism
                                                                                                          1. Substrate Differences
                                                                                                            1. Quantitative Contributions
                                                                                                          2. Avenues of Water Loss
                                                                                                            1. Evaporation
                                                                                                              1. Cutaneous Evaporation
                                                                                                                1. Skin Permeability
                                                                                                                  1. Surface Area Effects
                                                                                                                    1. Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                    2. Respiratory Evaporation
                                                                                                                      1. Ventilation Rates
                                                                                                                        1. Humidity Gradients
                                                                                                                          1. Nasal Modifications
                                                                                                                        2. Excretion
                                                                                                                          1. Urine
                                                                                                                            1. Concentration Abilities
                                                                                                                              1. Volume Regulation
                                                                                                                                1. Solute Excretion
                                                                                                                                2. Feces
                                                                                                                                  1. Water Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                    1. Intestinal Function
                                                                                                                                      1. Dry Matter Content
                                                                                                                                  2. Adaptations for Water Conservation
                                                                                                                                    1. Integumentary Adaptations
                                                                                                                                      1. Lipid Layers
                                                                                                                                        1. Waxy Secretions
                                                                                                                                          1. Barrier Properties
                                                                                                                                            1. Maintenance Requirements
                                                                                                                                            2. Scales
                                                                                                                                              1. Keratinization
                                                                                                                                                1. Overlapping Patterns
                                                                                                                                                  1. Permeability Reduction
                                                                                                                                                  2. Chitin
                                                                                                                                                    1. Arthropod Cuticles
                                                                                                                                                      1. Waterproofing
                                                                                                                                                        1. Molting Considerations
                                                                                                                                                      2. Respiratory Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                        1. Nasal Turbinates
                                                                                                                                                          1. Heat and Moisture Exchange
                                                                                                                                                            1. Anatomical Complexity
                                                                                                                                                              1. Efficiency Factors
                                                                                                                                                              2. Reduced Respiratory Water Loss
                                                                                                                                                                1. Breathing Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tidal Volume Adjustments
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Coordination
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Excretory Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Concentrated Urine
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Kidney Structure
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Countercurrent Systems
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Maximum Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Uric Acid Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nitrogen Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Water Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Crystallization
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Behavioral Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nocturnality
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Activity Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Temperature Avoidance
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Humidity Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Burrowing
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Microclimate Creation
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Humidity Retention
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temperature Buffering
                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Organs of Osmoregulation and Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gills
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ion Transport Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sodium-Potassium ATPase
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chloride Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Carbonic Anhydrase
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hormonal Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Salt Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anatomical Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Secretory Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Species Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Efficiency Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. The Vertebrate Kidney
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nephron Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Glomerular Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tubular Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Secretion Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Collecting Duct Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Countercurrent Multiplication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Loop of Henle Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Osmotic Gradients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Urea Recycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vasa Recta Role
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Malpighian Tubules in Insects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Filtration and Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Primary Urine Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Selective Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hindgut Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Contractile Vacuoles in Protists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Osmotic Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Expulsion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Filling and Emptying Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Energy Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Regulatory Mechanisms

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. The Thermal Environment

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    4. The Gaseous Environment