Entomology

  1. Insect Anatomy and Morphology
    1. The Exoskeleton
      1. Structure and Composition
        1. Chitin
          1. Sclerotin
            1. Epicuticle
              1. Exocuticle
                1. Endocuticle
                  1. Wax Layer
                  2. Functions
                    1. Support and Shape
                      1. Protection from Predators and Environment
                        1. Water Retention and Desiccation Prevention
                          1. Muscle Attachment
                            1. Sensory Reception
                            2. Ecdysis
                              1. Molting Process
                                1. Hormonal Control of Molting
                                  1. Instars and Growth Stages
                                    1. Apolysis and Ecdysis Phases
                                  2. External Anatomy
                                    1. The Head
                                      1. Head Capsule Structure
                                        1. Sclerites and Sutures
                                          1. Head Orientation Types
                                          2. Compound Eyes
                                            1. Structure and Function
                                              1. Ommatidia
                                                1. Visual Acuity
                                                  1. Motion Detection
                                                  2. Ocelli
                                                    1. Number and Position
                                                      1. Function
                                                        1. Light Detection
                                                        2. Antennae
                                                          1. Types of Antennae
                                                            1. Filiform
                                                              1. Moniliform
                                                                1. Serrate
                                                                  1. Pectinate
                                                                    1. Plumose
                                                                      1. Clavate
                                                                        1. Geniculate
                                                                          1. Aristate
                                                                          2. Sensory Functions
                                                                            1. Olfaction
                                                                              1. Mechanoreception
                                                                                1. Thermoreception
                                                                              2. Mouthparts and Feeding Guilds
                                                                                1. Chewing
                                                                                  1. Mandibles
                                                                                    1. Maxillae
                                                                                      1. Labium
                                                                                        1. Labrum
                                                                                          1. Examples of Chewing Insects
                                                                                          2. Piercing-Sucking
                                                                                            1. Stylets
                                                                                              1. Proboscis Formation
                                                                                                1. Examples of Piercing-Sucking Insects
                                                                                                2. Sponging
                                                                                                  1. Labellum Structure
                                                                                                    1. Feeding Mechanism
                                                                                                    2. Siphoning
                                                                                                      1. Proboscis Structure
                                                                                                        1. Coiling Mechanism
                                                                                                        2. Chewing-Lapping
                                                                                                          1. Modified Mandibles
                                                                                                            1. Tongue Structure
                                                                                                        3. The Thorax
                                                                                                          1. Segmentation
                                                                                                            1. Prothorax
                                                                                                              1. Mesothorax
                                                                                                                1. Metathorax
                                                                                                                  1. Sclerite Organization
                                                                                                                  2. Legs
                                                                                                                    1. Basic Leg Segments
                                                                                                                      1. Coxa
                                                                                                                        1. Trochanter
                                                                                                                          1. Femur
                                                                                                                            1. Tibia
                                                                                                                              1. Tarsus
                                                                                                                                1. Pretarsus
                                                                                                                                2. Leg Modifications
                                                                                                                                  1. Cursorial
                                                                                                                                    1. Saltatorial
                                                                                                                                      1. Raptorial
                                                                                                                                        1. Fossorial
                                                                                                                                          1. Natatorial
                                                                                                                                            1. Pollen-Collecting
                                                                                                                                              1. Clinging
                                                                                                                                            2. Wings
                                                                                                                                              1. Basic Wing Structure
                                                                                                                                                1. Wing Membrane
                                                                                                                                                  1. Wing Scales
                                                                                                                                                    1. Wing Coupling
                                                                                                                                                    2. Wing Venation Patterns
                                                                                                                                                      1. Longitudinal Veins
                                                                                                                                                        1. Cross Veins
                                                                                                                                                          1. Wing Cells
                                                                                                                                                          2. Flight Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                            1. Direct Flight Muscles
                                                                                                                                                              1. Indirect Flight Muscles
                                                                                                                                                                1. Wing Beat Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                2. Wing Coupling Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hamuli
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Frenulum-Retinaculum
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Jugal Coupling
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Modified Wings
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Elytra
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Halteres
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hemelytra
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tegmina
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Scale-Covered Wings
                                                                                                                                                                            2. The Abdomen
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Segmentation and Flexibility
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Typical Segment Number
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Segment Fusion
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Intersegmental Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Spiracles and Respiratory Openings
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spiracle Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Spiracle Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. External Genitalia
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Male Genitalia
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Aedeagus
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Claspers
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Genital Capsule
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Female Genitalia
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ovipositor
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Genital Plates
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spermatheca Opening
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cerci and Other Appendages
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sensory Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Defensive Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Reproductive Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Internal Anatomy and Organ Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Digestive System
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Foregut
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mouth
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pharynx
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Esophagus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Crop
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Proventriculus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Midgut
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gastric Caeca
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Digestive Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nutrient Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Peritrophic Membrane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Hindgut
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ileum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Colon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rectum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Malpighian Tubules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nitrogenous Waste Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Osmoregulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Respiratory System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tracheal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tracheae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tracheoles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Air Sacs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tracheal Gills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Spiracles and Gas Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Spiracle Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Regulation of Gas Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Spiracle Muscles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Aquatic Respiration Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Plastrons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Air Bubbles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spiracular Gills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Circulatory System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Open Circulatory System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hemocoel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Body Cavity Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Hemolymph and Hemocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Composition and Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Immune Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clotting Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Dorsal Vessel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Heart Chambers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Aorta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Accessory Pulsatile Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Central Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Brain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Protocerebrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Deutocerebrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tritocerebrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Subesophageal Ganglion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ventral Nerve Cord
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ganglia Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Peripheral Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sensory Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Motor Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Autonomic Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Stomatogastric Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Control of Gut Movements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Feeding Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Endocrine System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Major Endocrine Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Corpora Allata
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Corpora Cardiaca
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Prothoracic Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Neurosecretory Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Hormones and Pheromones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Juvenile Hormone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ecdysone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Prothoracicotropic Hormone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pheromone Types and Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Regulation of Molting and Metamorphosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hormonal Cascades
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Timing Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Reproductive System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Male Reproductive Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Testes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vas Deferens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Accessory Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Aedeagus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sperm Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Female Reproductive Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ovaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oviducts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spermatheca
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Accessory Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ovipositor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Modes of Reproduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sexual Reproduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Parthenogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Polyembryony
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Viviparity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oviparity

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Introduction to Entomology

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Insect Physiology and Development