Endocrinology and Renal Systems

  1. Hormonal Regulation of Mineral and Bone Metabolism
    1. Calcium Homeostasis
      1. Calcium Balance Overview
        1. Calcium Distribution
          1. Daily Calcium Turnover
            1. Calcium Sensing Mechanisms
              1. Homeostatic Set Points
              2. Parathyroid Hormone System
                1. PTH Synthesis and Processing
                  1. Preprohormone Structure
                    1. Signal Peptide Cleavage
                      1. Prohormone Processing
                        1. Mature Hormone Structure
                        2. PTH Secretion Regulation
                          1. Calcium-Sensing Receptor
                            1. Receptor Structure
                              1. G-protein Coupling
                                1. Signaling Pathways
                                2. Magnesium Effects
                                  1. Phosphate Effects
                                    1. Calcitriol Feedback
                                    2. PTH Actions on Bone
                                      1. Osteoblast Stimulation
                                        1. Osteoclast Activation
                                          1. RANKL/OPG System
                                            1. Bone Remodeling
                                            2. PTH Actions on Kidney
                                              1. Calcium Reabsorption Enhancement
                                                1. Phosphate Excretion
                                                  1. 1α-Hydroxylase Stimulation
                                                    1. Bicarbonate Excretion
                                                    2. PTH Metabolism and Clearance
                                                      1. Hepatic Metabolism
                                                        1. Renal Clearance
                                                          1. Peripheral Degradation
                                                        2. Calcitriol System
                                                          1. Vitamin D Metabolism Pathway
                                                            1. Skin Synthesis
                                                              1. Dietary Sources
                                                                1. Hepatic 25-Hydroxylation
                                                                  1. Renal 1α-Hydroxylation
                                                                    1. Target Tissue 24-Hydroxylation
                                                                    2. Calcitriol Receptor System
                                                                      1. Vitamin D Receptor Structure
                                                                        1. DNA Binding Domain
                                                                          1. Ligand Binding Domain
                                                                            1. Coactivator Interactions
                                                                            2. Intestinal Calcium Absorption
                                                                              1. Transcellular Transport
                                                                                1. Paracellular Transport
                                                                                  1. Calbindin Regulation
                                                                                    1. TRPV6 Channel
                                                                                    2. Bone Mineralization
                                                                                      1. Osteoblast Differentiation
                                                                                        1. Matrix Protein Synthesis
                                                                                          1. Mineralization Process
                                                                                          2. Renal Calcium Handling
                                                                                            1. Distal Tubule Effects
                                                                                              1. Calcium Channel Regulation
                                                                                                1. Binding Protein Expression
                                                                                              2. Calcitonin System
                                                                                                1. Calcitonin Synthesis
                                                                                                  1. C-Cell Production
                                                                                                    1. Gene Structure
                                                                                                      1. Alternative Splicing
                                                                                                      2. Calcitonin Secretion
                                                                                                        1. Calcium Stimulation
                                                                                                          1. Other Stimuli
                                                                                                            1. Physiological Variations
                                                                                                            2. Calcitonin Actions
                                                                                                              1. Bone Effects
                                                                                                                1. Renal Effects
                                                                                                                  1. Physiological Significance
                                                                                                              2. Phosphate Homeostasis
                                                                                                                1. Phosphate Balance Overview
                                                                                                                  1. Phosphate Distribution
                                                                                                                    1. Dietary Phosphate
                                                                                                                      1. Intestinal Absorption
                                                                                                                        1. Renal Handling
                                                                                                                        2. PTH Effects on Phosphate
                                                                                                                          1. Renal Phosphate Excretion
                                                                                                                            1. NaPi Cotransporter Regulation
                                                                                                                              1. Proximal Tubule Effects
                                                                                                                              2. Calcitriol Effects on Phosphate
                                                                                                                                1. Intestinal Absorption
                                                                                                                                  1. Renal Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                    1. Bone Mineralization
                                                                                                                                    2. FGF23 System
                                                                                                                                      1. FGF23 Synthesis and Structure
                                                                                                                                        1. Osteocyte Production
                                                                                                                                          1. Protein Structure
                                                                                                                                            1. Processing and Cleavage
                                                                                                                                            2. FGF23 Regulation
                                                                                                                                              1. Phosphate Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                1. Calcitriol Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Other Regulatory Factors
                                                                                                                                                  2. FGF23 Actions
                                                                                                                                                    1. Renal Phosphate Excretion
                                                                                                                                                      1. 1α-Hydroxylase Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                        1. 24-Hydroxylase Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                          1. PTH Interactions
                                                                                                                                                          2. Klotho Co-receptor
                                                                                                                                                            1. Klotho Structure
                                                                                                                                                              1. Receptor Complex Formation
                                                                                                                                                                1. Signaling Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                            2. Integrated Mineral Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                              1. Calcium-Phosphate Product
                                                                                                                                                                1. Bone-Kidney-Intestine Axis
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hormonal Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pathophysiological Disruptions

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                                                                                                                                                                  4. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

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                                                                                                                                                                  6. Pathophysiology of Integrated Renal-Endocrine Disorders