Endocrinology and Renal Systems

  1. The Kidney as a Target for Hormones
    1. Water Balance Regulation
      1. Antidiuretic Hormone System
        1. ADH Synthesis and Processing
          1. Hypothalamic Production
            1. Supraoptic Nucleus
              1. Paraventricular Nucleus
                1. Neurophysin Association
                2. Axonal Transport
                  1. Posterior Pituitary Storage
                  2. ADH Release Regulation
                    1. Osmotic Stimuli
                      1. Osmoreceptor Function
                        1. Osmotic Threshold
                          1. Sensitivity Factors
                          2. Volume Stimuli
                            1. Baroreceptor Pathways
                              1. Volume Threshold
                                1. Pressure-Volume Relationships
                                2. Non-osmotic Stimuli
                                  1. Stress Response
                                    1. Nausea and Pain
                                      1. Pharmacological Agents
                                    2. Renal ADH Actions
                                      1. V2 Receptor Signaling
                                        1. Receptor Structure
                                          1. G-protein Coupling
                                            1. cAMP Generation
                                            2. Aquaporin-2 Regulation
                                              1. AQP2 Phosphorylation
                                                1. Membrane Insertion
                                                  1. Trafficking Mechanisms
                                                  2. Water Reabsorption
                                                    1. Collecting Duct Permeability
                                                      1. Urine Concentration
                                                        1. Osmotic Equilibration
                                                      2. ADH Receptor Regulation
                                                        1. Receptor Expression
                                                          1. Desensitization Mechanisms
                                                            1. Pathological Alterations
                                                          2. Thirst Mechanism
                                                            1. Central Thirst Centers
                                                              1. Osmotic Thirst
                                                                1. Hypovolemic Thirst
                                                                  1. Integration with ADH System
                                                                2. Sodium and Potassium Balance
                                                                  1. Aldosterone System
                                                                    1. Aldosterone Synthesis
                                                                      1. Zona Glomerulosa Function
                                                                        1. Steroidogenic Pathway
                                                                          1. Rate-Limiting Steps
                                                                            1. Enzymatic Regulation
                                                                            2. Aldosterone Secretion Control
                                                                              1. Angiotensin II Stimulation
                                                                                1. AT1 Receptor Signaling
                                                                                  1. Calcium-Dependent Mechanisms
                                                                                    1. Steroidogenic Enzyme Activation
                                                                                    2. Potassium Stimulation
                                                                                      1. Membrane Depolarization
                                                                                        1. Calcium Channel Activation
                                                                                          1. Dose-Response Relationships
                                                                                          2. ACTH Effects
                                                                                            1. Permissive Actions
                                                                                              1. Direct Stimulation
                                                                                                1. Circadian Influences
                                                                                              2. Renal Aldosterone Actions
                                                                                                1. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Binding
                                                                                                  1. Receptor Structure
                                                                                                    1. 11β-HSD2 Protection
                                                                                                      1. Nuclear Translocation
                                                                                                      2. Genomic Effects
                                                                                                        1. Gene Transcription
                                                                                                          1. Protein Synthesis
                                                                                                            1. Time Course
                                                                                                            2. Ion Transport Effects
                                                                                                              1. ENaC Upregulation
                                                                                                                1. Na+/K+-ATPase Enhancement
                                                                                                                  1. Potassium Secretion
                                                                                                                  2. Non-genomic Effects
                                                                                                                    1. Rapid Responses
                                                                                                                      1. Membrane Effects
                                                                                                                        1. Signaling Pathways
                                                                                                                    2. Natriuretic Peptide System
                                                                                                                      1. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
                                                                                                                        1. ANP Synthesis and Storage
                                                                                                                          1. Atrial Myocyte Production
                                                                                                                            1. Granule Storage
                                                                                                                              1. Processing Mechanisms
                                                                                                                              2. ANP Release Triggers
                                                                                                                                1. Atrial Stretch
                                                                                                                                  1. Volume Expansion
                                                                                                                                    1. Pressure Changes
                                                                                                                                    2. Renal ANP Actions
                                                                                                                                      1. Glomerular Effects
                                                                                                                                        1. Afferent Arteriole Dilation
                                                                                                                                          1. GFR Enhancement
                                                                                                                                            1. Filtration Fraction Changes
                                                                                                                                            2. Tubular Effects
                                                                                                                                              1. Sodium Reabsorption Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                1. Collecting Duct Actions
                                                                                                                                                  1. Diuretic Effects
                                                                                                                                                  2. Hormonal Effects
                                                                                                                                                    1. Renin Suppression
                                                                                                                                                      1. Aldosterone Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                        1. ADH Antagonism
                                                                                                                                                    2. Brain Natriuretic Peptide
                                                                                                                                                      1. BNP Synthesis and Release
                                                                                                                                                        1. Renal BNP Actions
                                                                                                                                                          1. Diagnostic Applications
                                                                                                                                                          2. C-Type Natriuretic Peptide
                                                                                                                                                            1. CNP Sources
                                                                                                                                                              1. Local Actions
                                                                                                                                                                1. Paracrine Effects
                                                                                                                                                            2. Calcium and Phosphate Regulation
                                                                                                                                                              1. Parathyroid Hormone Actions
                                                                                                                                                                1. Renal PTH Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                  1. PTH/PTHrP Receptor
                                                                                                                                                                    1. G-protein Coupling
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Signaling Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Calcium Handling
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Distal Tubule Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                                                          1. TRPV5 Channel Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Calbindin Expression
                                                                                                                                                                              1. NCX1 Transporter
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Phosphate Handling
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Proximal Tubule Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. NaPi Cotransporter Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Phosphaturia Induction
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. FGF23 Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Calcitriol Actions
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Renal Vitamin D Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Calcium Transport Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Phosphate Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. PTH Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. FGF23 Actions
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Klotho-Dependent Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Phosphate Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. 1α-Hydroxylase Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. 24-Hydroxylase Stimulation

                                                                                                                                                                                                Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                2. The Kidney as an Endocrine Organ

                                                                                                                                                                                                Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                4. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System