Endocrinology and Renal Systems

  1. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
    1. RAAS Components and Biochemistry
      1. Angiotensinogen
        1. Hepatic Synthesis
          1. Plasma Concentration
            1. Regulation of Production
              1. Substrate Properties
              2. Renin Enzyme
                1. Enzymatic Properties
                  1. Substrate Specificity
                    1. Kinetic Characteristics
                      1. Inhibitor Sensitivity
                      2. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
                        1. ACE Structure and Function
                          1. Tissue Distribution
                            1. Substrate Specificity
                              1. Inhibitor Mechanisms
                              2. Alternative Pathways
                                1. Chymase Pathway
                                  1. ACE2 and Angiotensin 1-7
                                    1. Aminopeptidases
                                      1. Angiotensin IV Formation
                                    2. RAAS Cascade Mechanisms
                                      1. Angiotensin I Formation
                                        1. Renin-Angiotensinogen Interaction
                                          1. Reaction Kinetics
                                            1. Rate-Limiting Factors
                                            2. Angiotensin II Formation
                                              1. ACE-Mediated Conversion
                                                1. Tissue-Specific Generation
                                                  1. Local vs Systemic Production
                                                  2. Angiotensin Receptor Systems
                                                    1. AT1 Receptors
                                                      1. Receptor Subtypes
                                                        1. Tissue Distribution
                                                          1. Signaling Mechanisms
                                                          2. AT2 Receptors
                                                            1. Functional Roles
                                                              1. Developmental Expression
                                                                1. Counter-regulatory Effects
                                                            2. Physiological Actions of Angiotensin II
                                                              1. Cardiovascular Effects
                                                                1. Systemic Vasoconstriction
                                                                  1. Vascular Smooth Muscle
                                                                    1. Resistance Vessel Effects
                                                                      1. Capacitance Vessel Effects
                                                                      2. Cardiac Effects
                                                                        1. Contractility Enhancement
                                                                          1. Heart Rate Effects
                                                                            1. Coronary Circulation
                                                                          2. Renal Hemodynamic Effects
                                                                            1. Afferent Arteriole Constriction
                                                                              1. Efferent Arteriole Constriction
                                                                                1. GFR Maintenance
                                                                                  1. Filtration Fraction Changes
                                                                                    1. Renal Blood Flow Reduction
                                                                                    2. Tubular Effects
                                                                                      1. Proximal Tubule Sodium Reabsorption
                                                                                        1. NHE3 Stimulation
                                                                                          1. Bicarbonate Reabsorption
                                                                                            1. Organic Anion Transport
                                                                                            2. Hormonal Stimulation
                                                                                              1. Aldosterone Secretion
                                                                                                1. ADH Release
                                                                                                  1. Sympathetic Activation
                                                                                                  2. Central Nervous System Effects
                                                                                                    1. Thirst Stimulation
                                                                                                      1. Salt Appetite
                                                                                                        1. Sympathetic Outflow
                                                                                                      2. RAAS Regulation and Feedback
                                                                                                        1. Short-Loop Feedback
                                                                                                          1. Angiotensin II on Renin
                                                                                                            1. Direct Inhibitory Effects
                                                                                                              1. Receptor-Mediated Suppression
                                                                                                              2. Long-Loop Feedback
                                                                                                                1. Blood Pressure Effects
                                                                                                                  1. Sodium Balance Effects
                                                                                                                    1. Volume Status Integration
                                                                                                                    2. Cross-System Interactions
                                                                                                                      1. Sympathetic Nervous System
                                                                                                                        1. Natriuretic Peptides
                                                                                                                          1. Prostaglandins
                                                                                                                            1. Nitric Oxide
                                                                                                                            2. Pathological Dysregulation
                                                                                                                              1. Inappropriate Activation
                                                                                                                                1. Feedback Disruption
                                                                                                                                  1. Therapeutic Implications

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                                                                                                                              3. The Kidney as a Target for Hormones

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                                                                                                                              5. Hormonal Regulation of Mineral and Bone Metabolism