Ecosystem Ecology

  1. Ecosystem Services
    1. Conceptual Framework
      1. Historical Development
        1. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
          1. Service Classification Systems
          2. Provisioning Services
            1. Food Production
              1. Crop Production
                1. Livestock
                  1. Fisheries
                    1. Wild Foods
                    2. Water Supply
                      1. Freshwater Provision
                        1. Water Quality Regulation
                        2. Raw Materials
                          1. Timber and Fiber
                            1. Genetic Resources
                              1. Biochemicals and Medicines
                              2. Energy Resources
                                1. Biomass Fuel
                                  1. Hydroelectric Power
                                2. Regulating Services
                                  1. Climate Regulation
                                    1. Carbon Sequestration
                                      1. Local Climate Regulation
                                      2. Water Regulation
                                        1. Flood Control
                                          1. Drought Mitigation
                                            1. Water Purification
                                            2. Biological Regulation
                                              1. Pollination
                                                1. Pest Control
                                                  1. Disease Regulation
                                                  2. Erosion Control
                                                    1. Waste Treatment
                                                    2. Cultural Services
                                                      1. Recreation and Tourism
                                                        1. Aesthetic Values
                                                          1. Spiritual and Religious Values
                                                            1. Educational Values
                                                              1. Cultural Heritage
                                                              2. Supporting Services
                                                                1. Primary Production
                                                                  1. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                    1. Soil Formation
                                                                      1. Habitat Provision
                                                                        1. Oxygen Production
                                                                        2. Service Valuation
                                                                          1. Economic Valuation Methods
                                                                            1. Non-market Valuation
                                                                              1. Payment for Ecosystem Services
                                                                                1. Challenges in Valuation

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                                                                              7. Human Impacts on Ecosystems

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                                                                              9. Ecosystem Management and Conservation