Ecosystem Ecology

  1. Human Impacts on Ecosystems
    1. Global Environmental Changes
      1. Climate Change
        1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
          1. Temperature Changes
            1. Precipitation Changes
              1. Sea Level Rise
              2. Atmospheric Changes
                1. Ozone Depletion
                  1. Acid Deposition
                    1. Nitrogen Deposition
                  2. Land Use and Land Cover Change
                    1. Deforestation
                      1. Tropical Deforestation
                        1. Temperate Forest Loss
                        2. Agricultural Conversion
                          1. Intensive Agriculture
                            1. Monoculture Systems
                              1. Pesticide and Fertilizer Use
                              2. Urbanization
                                1. Urban Sprawl
                                  1. Urban Heat Islands
                                    1. Impervious Surfaces
                                    2. Infrastructure Development
                                      1. Roads and Fragmentation
                                        1. Dams and Water Diversions
                                      2. Pollution Impacts
                                        1. Water Pollution
                                          1. Eutrophication
                                            1. Chemical Contamination
                                              1. Thermal Pollution
                                              2. Air Pollution
                                                1. Particulate Matter
                                                  1. Toxic Gases
                                                    1. Photochemical Smog
                                                    2. Soil Pollution
                                                      1. Heavy Metal Contamination
                                                        1. Pesticide Residues
                                                          1. Industrial Chemicals
                                                          2. Plastic Pollution
                                                            1. Microplastics
                                                              1. Marine Debris
                                                            2. Biological Invasions
                                                              1. Introduction Pathways
                                                                1. Establishment and Spread
                                                                  1. Ecological Impacts
                                                                    1. Economic Impacts
                                                                    2. Overexploitation
                                                                      1. Overfishing
                                                                        1. Overhunting
                                                                          1. Unsustainable Harvesting

                                                                        Previous

                                                                        6. Major Ecosystem Types

                                                                        Go to top

                                                                        Next

                                                                        8. Ecosystem Services