Ecosystem Ecology

  1. Major Ecosystem Types
    1. Terrestrial Ecosystems
      1. Forest Ecosystems
        1. Tropical Rainforests
          1. Tropical Dry Forests
            1. Temperate Deciduous Forests
              1. Temperate Coniferous Forests
                1. Boreal Forests
                2. Grassland Ecosystems
                  1. Tropical Grasslands
                    1. Temperate Grasslands
                      1. Mediterranean Grasslands
                      2. Desert Ecosystems
                        1. Hot Deserts
                          1. Cold Deserts
                            1. Semi-arid Regions
                            2. Tundra Ecosystems
                              1. Arctic Tundra
                                1. Alpine Tundra
                                2. Mediterranean Ecosystems
                                  1. Montane Ecosystems
                                  2. Freshwater Ecosystems
                                    1. Flowing Water Systems
                                      1. Rivers
                                        1. Streams
                                          1. Springs
                                          2. Standing Water Systems
                                            1. Lakes
                                              1. Ponds
                                                1. Reservoirs
                                                2. Wetland Systems
                                                  1. Marshes
                                                    1. Swamps
                                                      1. Bogs
                                                        1. Fens
                                                      2. Marine Ecosystems
                                                        1. Coastal Ecosystems
                                                          1. Estuaries
                                                            1. Salt Marshes
                                                              1. Mangrove Forests
                                                                1. Rocky Intertidal
                                                                  1. Sandy Beaches
                                                                  2. Coral Reef Ecosystems
                                                                    1. Open Ocean Ecosystems
                                                                      1. Pelagic Zone
                                                                        1. Upwelling Systems
                                                                        2. Deep Sea Ecosystems
                                                                          1. Abyssal Plains
                                                                            1. Hydrothermal Vents
                                                                              1. Cold Seeps

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                                                                          5. Disturbance and Succession

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                                                                          7. Human Impacts on Ecosystems