Economic Growth and Development

  1. Poverty, Inequality, and Development
    1. Defining and Measuring Poverty
      1. Absolute vs. Relative Poverty
        1. Subsistence Needs
          1. Social Exclusion
          2. The Poverty Line
            1. International Poverty Line
              1. $1.90 per Day
                1. PPP Adjustments
                2. National Poverty Lines
                  1. Cost of Basic Needs
                    1. Food Poverty Lines
                  2. Multidimensional Poverty
                    1. Capability Deprivation
                      1. Multiple Indicators
                        1. Alkire-Foster Method
                      2. Poverty Traps
                        1. Low-Level Equilibrium
                          1. Multiple Equilibria
                            1. Threshold Effects
                            2. Nutritional Traps
                              1. Malnutrition and Productivity
                                1. Health-Income Cycles
                                2. Financial Poverty Traps
                                  1. Credit Constraints
                                    1. Lack of Collateral
                                      1. High Interest Rates
                                      2. Geographic Poverty Traps
                                        1. Remote Areas
                                          1. Infrastructure Deficits
                                            1. Market Access
                                            2. Intergenerational Poverty Transmission
                                              1. Human Capital Investment
                                                1. Asset Accumulation
                                              2. Inequality and Growth
                                                1. The Kuznets Curve Hypothesis
                                                  1. Inverted-U Relationship
                                                    1. Structural Transformation
                                                      1. Empirical Evidence
                                                      2. Effects of Inequality on Growth
                                                        1. Human Capital Formation
                                                          1. Credit Constraints
                                                            1. Educational Access
                                                            2. Political Economy Effects
                                                              1. Redistribution Pressure
                                                                1. Policy Instability
                                                                2. Social Cohesion and Conflict
                                                                  1. Social Unrest
                                                                    1. Crime and Violence
                                                                  2. Effects of Growth on Inequality
                                                                    1. Skill-Biased Technical Change
                                                                      1. Structural Change
                                                                        1. Sectoral Shifts
                                                                          1. Urban-Rural Gaps
                                                                          2. Policy Interventions
                                                                            1. Redistributive Policies
                                                                              1. Progressive Taxation
                                                                          3. Policies for Poverty Reduction and Equity
                                                                            1. Social Safety Nets
                                                                              1. Cash Transfers
                                                                                1. Unconditional Transfers
                                                                                  1. Targeting Mechanisms
                                                                                  2. Food Security Programs
                                                                                    1. Food Stamps
                                                                                      1. School Feeding
                                                                                      2. Public Works Programs
                                                                                        1. Employment Guarantee
                                                                                          1. Infrastructure Development
                                                                                        2. Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs)
                                                                                          1. Design and Implementation
                                                                                            1. Conditionalities
                                                                                              1. Monitoring Systems
                                                                                              2. Evidence of Effectiveness
                                                                                                1. Impact Evaluations
                                                                                                  1. Long-Term Effects
                                                                                                2. Land Reform
                                                                                                  1. Land Redistribution
                                                                                                    1. Tenure Security
                                                                                                      1. Redistribution and Productivity
                                                                                                        1. Efficiency Effects
                                                                                                          1. Equity Effects
                                                                                                        2. Progressive Taxation
                                                                                                          1. Income Tax Progressivity
                                                                                                            1. Wealth Taxes
                                                                                                              1. Tax Policy and Redistribution
                                                                                                              2. Access to Basic Services
                                                                                                                1. Health Services
                                                                                                                  1. Universal Health Coverage
                                                                                                                    1. Primary Health Care
                                                                                                                    2. Education Services
                                                                                                                      1. Free Primary Education
                                                                                                                        1. Quality Improvements
                                                                                                                        2. Infrastructure
                                                                                                                          1. Water and Sanitation
                                                                                                                            1. Transportation
                                                                                                                              1. Energy Access

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                                                                                                                        6. Fundamental Determinants of Growth

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                                                                                                                        8. Structural Transformation and Sectoral Change