Economic Growth and Development

  1. Fundamental Determinants of Growth
    1. Proximate vs. Fundamental Causes
      1. Distinction and Examples
        1. Immediate vs. Deep Determinants
          1. Causal Hierarchy
          2. Endogeneity Problems
            1. Reverse Causation
              1. Omitted Variables
            2. Institutions
              1. Defining Institutions: "The Rules of the Game"
                1. Formal Institutions
                  1. Informal Institutions
                    1. Institutional Matrix
                    2. Property Rights and Contract Enforcement
                      1. Security of Property
                        1. Contract Law
                          1. Judicial System
                          2. The Rule of Law
                            1. Predictability
                              1. Equal Treatment
                              2. Political Institutions and Stability
                                1. Democratic Institutions
                                  1. Checks and Balances
                                    1. Political Stability
                                    2. The Role of Democracy
                                      1. Democratic vs. Authoritarian Growth
                                        1. Political Rights
                                          1. Civil Liberties
                                          2. The Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson Hypothesis
                                            1. Extractive vs. Inclusive Institutions
                                              1. Colonial Origins of Institutions
                                                1. Settler Mortality
                                                  1. Colonial Strategies
                                                  2. Empirical Evidence
                                                    1. Instrumental Variables
                                                      1. Natural Experiments
                                                    2. Corruption and Governance Quality
                                                      1. Types of Corruption
                                                        1. Measurement Issues
                                                          1. Economic Costs
                                                            1. Anti-Corruption Strategies
                                                          2. Geography
                                                            1. Climate and Agricultural Productivity
                                                              1. Temperature Effects
                                                                1. Rainfall Patterns
                                                                  1. Seasonal Variation
                                                                  2. Disease Burden
                                                                    1. Tropical Diseases
                                                                      1. Health and Productivity
                                                                        1. Demographic Effects
                                                                        2. Access to Trade Routes and Natural Resources
                                                                          1. Coastal Access
                                                                            1. Landlocked Disadvantage
                                                                              1. Transportation Costs
                                                                              2. Natural Resource Endowments
                                                                                1. Resource Abundance
                                                                                  1. Resource Quality
                                                                                  2. The "Resource Curse"
                                                                                    1. Paradox of Plenty
                                                                                      1. Dutch Disease
                                                                                        1. Real Exchange Rate Appreciation
                                                                                          1. Manufacturing Decline
                                                                                          2. Governance Challenges
                                                                                            1. Rent-Seeking
                                                                                              1. Institutional Weakening
                                                                                              2. Volatility Effects
                                                                                                1. Commodity Price Cycles
                                                                                                  1. Fiscal Instability
                                                                                              3. Culture
                                                                                                1. Social Norms and Trust
                                                                                                  1. Social Capital
                                                                                                    1. Interpersonal Trust
                                                                                                      1. Institutional Trust
                                                                                                      2. Work Ethic and Thrift
                                                                                                        1. Cultural Values
                                                                                                          1. Savings Behavior
                                                                                                            1. Labor Supply
                                                                                                            2. Religion and Growth
                                                                                                              1. Protestant Work Ethic
                                                                                                                1. Religious Institutions
                                                                                                                  1. Social Networks
                                                                                                                  2. Family Structure
                                                                                                                    1. Kinship Systems
                                                                                                                      1. Gender Roles
                                                                                                                        1. Intergenerational Mobility
                                                                                                                      2. Integration and Globalization
                                                                                                                        1. International Trade
                                                                                                                          1. Trade Openness and Growth
                                                                                                                            1. Export-Led Growth
                                                                                                                              1. Import Competition
                                                                                                                              2. Comparative Advantage
                                                                                                                                1. Static vs. Dynamic Gains
                                                                                                                                  1. Learning Effects
                                                                                                                                  2. Trade Policy
                                                                                                                                    1. Tariffs and Quotas
                                                                                                                                      1. Trade Liberalization
                                                                                                                                    2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
                                                                                                                                      1. Greenfield vs. Brownfield Investment
                                                                                                                                        1. Technology Transfer
                                                                                                                                          1. Spillover Effects
                                                                                                                                            1. Backward Linkages
                                                                                                                                            2. Multinational Corporations
                                                                                                                                              1. Global Value Chains
                                                                                                                                                1. Knowledge Transfer
                                                                                                                                              2. Technology Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                1. International Technology Transfer
                                                                                                                                                  1. Channels of Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                    1. Trade
                                                                                                                                                      1. FDI
                                                                                                                                                        1. Migration
                                                                                                                                                          1. Licensing
                                                                                                                                                          2. Barriers to Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                            1. Absorptive Capacity
                                                                                                                                                              1. Institutional Barriers
                                                                                                                                                            2. Financial Integration
                                                                                                                                                              1. Capital Flows
                                                                                                                                                                1. Financial Contagion
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Exchange Rate Regimes

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                                                                                                                                                              5. Endogenous Growth Theory

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                                                                                                                                                              7. Poverty, Inequality, and Development