Economic Growth and Development

  1. Endogenous Growth Theory
    1. Overcoming the Limitations of the Neoclassical Model
      1. Endogenizing Technological Change
        1. Innovation as Investment
          1. R&D Activities
          2. Increasing Returns to Scale
            1. Knowledge Spillovers
              1. Network Effects
              2. Sustained Growth without Exogenous Technology
                1. Internal Growth Mechanisms
                  1. Policy Relevance
                2. The AK Model: Constant Returns to Capital
                  1. Model Structure and Implications
                    1. Linear Production Function
                      1. No Diminishing Returns
                        1. Sustained Growth
                        2. Broad Capital Interpretation
                          1. Physical Capital
                            1. Human Capital
                              1. Knowledge Capital
                              2. Policy Relevance
                                1. Investment Incentives
                                  1. Growth Effects
                                2. Human Capital as a Driver of Growth
                                  1. The Lucas Model
                                    1. Human Capital Accumulation
                                      1. Education Investment
                                        1. Learning by Doing
                                        2. Externalities of Education
                                          1. Social Returns
                                            1. Spillover Effects
                                            2. Internal vs. External Effects
                                              1. Private Returns
                                                1. Social Returns
                                              2. Education and Skill Accumulation
                                                1. Formal Education
                                                  1. On-the-Job Training
                                                    1. Experience Effects
                                                      1. Role of Public Policy
                                                        1. Education Subsidies
                                                          1. Compulsory Schooling
                                                          2. Returns to Education
                                                            1. Mincer Equations
                                                              1. Skill Premiums
                                                          3. Technology and Innovation as Engines of Growth
                                                            1. The Romer Model
                                                              1. Knowledge Production Function
                                                                1. R&D Investment
                                                                  1. Researcher Allocation
                                                                  2. Non-Rivalry and Spillovers
                                                                    1. Public Good Nature
                                                                      1. Knowledge Externalities
                                                                      2. Variety vs. Quality Models
                                                                        1. Horizontal Innovation
                                                                          1. Vertical Innovation
                                                                        2. Research and Development (R&D)
                                                                          1. Private vs. Public R&D
                                                                            1. Market Failures
                                                                              1. Appropriability Problems
                                                                              2. Innovation Systems
                                                                                1. National Innovation Systems
                                                                                  1. Regional Clusters
                                                                                  2. Patent Systems
                                                                                    1. Intellectual Property Rights
                                                                                      1. Innovation Incentives
                                                                                    2. Knowledge Spillovers and Increasing Returns
                                                                                      1. Geographic Spillovers
                                                                                        1. Industry Spillovers
                                                                                          1. Network Effects
                                                                                            1. Agglomeration Economies
                                                                                              1. Industrial Districts
                                                                                              2. Learning by Doing
                                                                                                1. Arrow's Model
                                                                                                  1. Experience Curves
                                                                                              3. Schumpeterian Growth and Creative Destruction
                                                                                                1. Role of Entrepreneurship
                                                                                                  1. Innovation vs. Invention
                                                                                                    1. Market Disruption
                                                                                                    2. Innovation and Market Structure
                                                                                                      1. Monopolistic Competition
                                                                                                        1. Product Cycles
                                                                                                        2. Firm Dynamics and Turnover
                                                                                                          1. Entry and Exit
                                                                                                            1. Firm Heterogeneity
                                                                                                            2. Quality Ladders
                                                                                                              1. Vertical Innovation
                                                                                                                1. Obsolescence
                                                                                                              2. Policy Implications of Endogenous Growth
                                                                                                                1. Subsidies for R&D and Education
                                                                                                                  1. Optimal Subsidy Rates
                                                                                                                    1. Targeting Mechanisms
                                                                                                                    2. Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
                                                                                                                      1. Patent Length and Breadth
                                                                                                                        1. Trade Secrets
                                                                                                                        2. Innovation Policy Design
                                                                                                                          1. Direct vs. Indirect Support
                                                                                                                            1. Technology Transfer
                                                                                                                            2. Addressing Market Failures in Innovation
                                                                                                                              1. Public-Private Partnerships
                                                                                                                                1. Innovation Vouchers
                                                                                                                                2. Competition Policy
                                                                                                                                  1. Antitrust and Innovation
                                                                                                                                    1. Market Power Effects

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                                                                                                                                4. The Neoclassical Growth Model: Solow-Swan

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                                                                                                                                6. Fundamental Determinants of Growth