Economic Growth and Development

2.

Measuring Development and Well-being

2.1.

Limitations of GDP as a Measure of Welfare

2.1.1.

Exclusion of Non-Market Activities

2.1.1.1.

Household Production

2.1.1.2.

2.1.1.3.

Informal Economy

2.1.2.

Environmental Degradation

2.1.2.1.

Natural Capital Depletion

2.1.2.2.

Pollution Costs

2.1.2.3.

Sustainability Concerns

2.1.3.

Income Distribution

2.1.3.1.

Inequality Effects

2.1.3.2.

Poverty Incidence

2.1.4.

Quality of Life Considerations

2.1.4.1.

2.1.4.2.

Work-Life Balance

2.1.4.3.

Social Connections

2.2.

Human Development Index (HDI)

2.2.1.

Components of HDI

2.2.1.1.

Life Expectancy Index

2.2.1.1.1.

Life Expectancy at Birth

2.2.1.1.2.

Health System Performance

2.2.1.2.

Education Index

2.2.1.2.1.

Mean Years of Schooling

2.2.1.2.2.

Expected Years of Schooling

2.2.1.2.3.

Educational Attainment

2.2.1.3.

2.2.1.3.1.

Gross National Income per Capita

2.2.1.3.2.

PPP Adjustments

2.2.2.

Calculation and Interpretation

2.2.2.1.

Normalization of Indicators

2.2.2.2.

Geometric Mean Calculation

2.2.2.3.

Composite Index Construction

2.2.2.4.

HDI Categories and Rankings

2.2.3.

Criticisms and Limitations of HDI

2.2.3.1.

Equal Weighting Assumption

2.2.3.2.

Missing Dimensions

2.2.3.3.

Data Quality Issues

2.2.3.4.

2.3.

Other Measures of Development

2.3.1.

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

2.3.1.1.

Health Dimension

2.3.1.2.

Education Dimension

2.3.1.3.

Living Standards Dimension

2.3.1.4.

Deprivation Indicators

2.3.1.5.

Intensity of Poverty

2.3.2.

Gender Development Index (GDI)

2.3.2.1.

Gender Gaps in Human Development

2.3.2.2.

Female vs. Male HDI

2.3.2.3.

Gender Parity Assessment

2.3.3.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

2.3.3.1.

Reproductive Health

2.3.3.2.

2.3.3.3.

Labor Market Participation

2.3.3.4.

Gender Disadvantage Measurement

2.3.4.

Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)

2.3.4.1.

Income Distribution Adjustments

2.3.4.2.

Environmental Costs

2.3.4.3.

2.3.4.4.

Sustainability Accounting

2.3.5.

Social Progress Index

2.3.5.1.

Basic Human Needs

2.3.5.2.

Foundations of Wellbeing

2.3.5.3.

2.3.6.

Happiness and Subjective Well-being Measures

2.3.6.1.

Life Satisfaction Surveys

2.3.6.2.

2.3.6.3.

Affect Measures

2.3.6.4.

World Happiness Report

2.4.

Measuring Inequality

2.4.1.

The Lorenz Curve

2.4.1.1.

Construction and Interpretation

2.4.1.2.

Perfect Equality Line

2.4.1.3.

Area of Inequality

2.4.2.

The Gini Coefficient

2.4.2.1.

Calculation Methods

2.4.2.2.

Range and Interpretation

2.4.2.3.

Limitations and Alternatives

2.4.2.4.

Income vs. Wealth Inequality

2.4.3.

Other Inequality Measures

2.4.3.1.

2.4.3.2.

2.4.3.3.

2.4.3.4.

Percentile Ratios

2.4.4.

Regional and Global Inequality Trends

2.4.4.1.

Within-Country Inequality

2.4.4.2.

Between-Country Inequality

2.4.4.3.

Global Inequality Patterns

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1. Introduction to Economic Growth and Development

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3. Classical and Early Growth Models