Ecology

  1. Applied Ecology and Conservation
    1. Conservation Biology
      1. Biodiversity Conservation
        1. Genetic Diversity
          1. Species Diversity
            1. Ecosystem Diversity
              1. Functional Diversity
              2. Threats to Biodiversity
                1. Habitat Loss
                  1. Deforestation
                    1. Urbanization
                      1. Agricultural Expansion
                      2. Habitat Fragmentation
                        1. Edge Effects
                          1. Isolation Effects
                            1. Population Consequences
                            2. Invasive Species
                              1. Introduction Pathways
                                1. Establishment Factors
                                  1. Ecological Impacts
                                    1. Economic Impacts
                                    2. Overexploitation
                                      1. Overharvesting
                                        1. Overfishing
                                          1. Hunting Pressure
                                          2. Pollution
                                            1. Chemical Pollution
                                              1. Plastic Pollution
                                                1. Light Pollution
                                                  1. Noise Pollution
                                                  2. Climate Change Impacts
                                                    1. Range Shifts
                                                      1. Phenological Mismatches
                                                        1. Coral Bleaching
                                                      2. Conservation Strategies
                                                        1. Species-Level Conservation
                                                          1. Population Viability Analysis
                                                            1. Captive Breeding Programs
                                                              1. Reintroduction Programs
                                                                1. Genetic Management
                                                                2. Protected Areas
                                                                  1. Reserve Design Principles
                                                                    1. Systematic Conservation Planning
                                                                      1. Corridor Design
                                                                        1. Buffer Zones
                                                                        2. Landscape-Level Conservation
                                                                          1. Habitat Connectivity
                                                                            1. Ecosystem Management
                                                                              1. Adaptive Management
                                                                            2. Conservation Genetics
                                                                              1. Genetic Diversity Assessment
                                                                                1. Inbreeding Depression
                                                                                  1. Genetic Drift
                                                                                    1. Gene Flow
                                                                                  2. Restoration Ecology
                                                                                    1. Restoration Principles
                                                                                      1. Reference Ecosystems
                                                                                        1. Restoration Goals
                                                                                          1. Success Criteria
                                                                                            1. Adaptive Management
                                                                                            2. Restoration Techniques
                                                                                              1. Site Preparation
                                                                                                1. Species Reintroduction
                                                                                                  1. Habitat Reconstruction
                                                                                                    1. Invasive Species Control
                                                                                                    2. Types of Restoration
                                                                                                      1. Forest Restoration
                                                                                                        1. Grassland Restoration
                                                                                                          1. Wetland Restoration
                                                                                                            1. Stream Restoration
                                                                                                              1. Marine Restoration
                                                                                                              2. Restoration Challenges
                                                                                                                1. Novel Ecosystems
                                                                                                                  1. Climate Change
                                                                                                                    1. Seed Sources
                                                                                                                      1. Monitoring and Evaluation
                                                                                                                    2. Human Impacts on Ecosystems
                                                                                                                      1. Land Use Change
                                                                                                                        1. Agricultural Intensification
                                                                                                                          1. Urban Development
                                                                                                                            1. Infrastructure Development
                                                                                                                              1. Mining Activities
                                                                                                                              2. Pollution Effects
                                                                                                                                1. Eutrophication
                                                                                                                                  1. Nutrient Loading
                                                                                                                                    1. Algal Blooms
                                                                                                                                      1. Oxygen Depletion
                                                                                                                                      2. Acid Deposition
                                                                                                                                        1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                          1. Ecosystem Effects
                                                                                                                                            1. Recovery Processes
                                                                                                                                            2. Toxic Contamination
                                                                                                                                              1. Heavy Metals
                                                                                                                                                1. Persistent Organic Pollutants
                                                                                                                                                  1. Bioaccumulation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Biomagnification
                                                                                                                                                  2. Resource Exploitation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Fisheries Depletion
                                                                                                                                                      1. Forest Harvesting
                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Extraction
                                                                                                                                                          1. Mineral Extraction
                                                                                                                                                          2. Biological Invasions
                                                                                                                                                            1. Introduction Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                              1. Invasion Process
                                                                                                                                                                1. Ecological Consequences
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Management Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                2. Sustainable Ecology
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ecosystem Services Valuation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Natural Capital Accounting
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sustainable Resource Use
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ecological Economics
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Policy
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Citizen Science
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Environmental Education

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                                                                                                                                                                            6. Landscape and Global Ecology

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                                                                                                                                                                            1. Introduction to Ecology