Ecology

  1. Community Ecology
    1. Species Interactions
      1. Competition
        1. Types of Competition
          1. Intraspecific Competition
            1. Interspecific Competition
              1. Interference Competition
                1. Exploitative Competition
                2. Competitive Exclusion Principle
                  1. Coexistence Mechanisms
                    1. Resource Partitioning
                      1. Temporal Separation
                        1. Spatial Separation
                        2. Niche Theory
                          1. Fundamental Niche
                            1. Realized Niche
                              1. Niche Overlap
                                1. Character Displacement
                              2. Predation
                                1. Predator-Prey Dynamics
                                  1. Lotka-Volterra Models
                                    1. Population Cycles
                                      1. Functional Responses
                                        1. Numerical Responses
                                        2. Predator Adaptations
                                          1. Hunting Strategies
                                            1. Sensory Adaptations
                                              1. Morphological Adaptations
                                              2. Prey Defenses
                                                1. Morphological Defenses
                                                  1. Chemical Defenses
                                                    1. Behavioral Defenses
                                                      1. Warning Coloration
                                                      2. Coevolutionary Arms Race
                                                      3. Herbivory
                                                        1. Plant-Herbivore Interactions
                                                          1. Plant Defenses
                                                            1. Constitutive Defenses
                                                              1. Induced Defenses
                                                                1. Tolerance Strategies
                                                                2. Herbivore Adaptations
                                                                  1. Detoxification Systems
                                                                    1. Specialized Feeding
                                                                      1. Host Plant Selection
                                                                      2. Indirect Effects
                                                                        1. Trophic Cascades
                                                                          1. Apparent Competition
                                                                        2. Parasitism
                                                                          1. Host-Parasite Relationships
                                                                            1. Parasite Life Cycles
                                                                              1. Transmission Strategies
                                                                                1. Host Defenses
                                                                                  1. Parasite Virulence
                                                                                    1. Coevolutionary Dynamics
                                                                                    2. Mutualism
                                                                                      1. Types of Mutualism
                                                                                        1. Obligate Mutualism
                                                                                          1. Facultative Mutualism
                                                                                          2. Pollination Mutualisms
                                                                                            1. Seed Dispersal Mutualisms
                                                                                              1. Defensive Mutualisms
                                                                                                1. Nutritional Mutualisms
                                                                                                  1. Stability of Mutualistic Relationships
                                                                                                  2. Commensalism
                                                                                                    1. Types of Commensal Relationships
                                                                                                      1. Phoresy
                                                                                                        1. Inquilinism
                                                                                                          1. Metabiosis
                                                                                                        2. Community Structure
                                                                                                          1. Species Diversity
                                                                                                            1. Species Richness
                                                                                                              1. Species Evenness
                                                                                                                1. Diversity Indices
                                                                                                                  1. Shannon-Wiener Index
                                                                                                                    1. Simpson Index
                                                                                                                      1. Berger-Parker Index
                                                                                                                      2. Rarefaction
                                                                                                                      3. Community Composition
                                                                                                                        1. Dominant Species
                                                                                                                          1. Rare Species
                                                                                                                            1. Endemic Species
                                                                                                                              1. Indicator Species
                                                                                                                              2. Trophic Structure
                                                                                                                                1. Food Chains
                                                                                                                                  1. Grazing Food Chains
                                                                                                                                    1. Detrital Food Chains
                                                                                                                                      1. Chain Length
                                                                                                                                      2. Food Webs
                                                                                                                                        1. Web Complexity
                                                                                                                                          1. Connectance
                                                                                                                                            1. Interaction Strength
                                                                                                                                            2. Trophic Levels
                                                                                                                                              1. Primary Producers
                                                                                                                                                1. Primary Consumers
                                                                                                                                                  1. Secondary Consumers
                                                                                                                                                    1. Top Predators
                                                                                                                                                      1. Decomposers
                                                                                                                                                      2. Energy Transfer Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                      3. Keystone Species
                                                                                                                                                        1. Identification of Keystone Species
                                                                                                                                                          1. Disproportionate Effects
                                                                                                                                                            1. Community-wide Impacts
                                                                                                                                                            2. Foundation Species
                                                                                                                                                              1. Ecosystem Engineers
                                                                                                                                                                1. Habitat Modification
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Facilitation Effects
                                                                                                                                                                2. Community Assembly
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Colonization Processes
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Priority Effects
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Assembly Rules
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Neutral Theory
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Filtering
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Biotic Interactions in Assembly
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Community Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ecological Succession
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Primary Succession
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pioneer Species
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Facilitation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Soil Development
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Secondary Succession
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Disturbance Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Seed Banks
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Regeneration Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Succession Models
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Facilitation Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Inhibition Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tolerance Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Climax Communities
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Climax Concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Alternative Stable States
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Polyclimax Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Disturbance Ecology
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Types of Disturbance
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Natural Disturbances
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anthropogenic Disturbances
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chronic vs Acute Disturbances
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Disturbance Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Spatial Scale
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Predictability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Community Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Resilience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Recovery Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Temporal Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Seasonal Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cyclic Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stochastic Variation

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Population Ecology

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              5. Ecosystem Ecology