Ecology

2.

The Organism and Its Environment

2.1.

Abiotic Factors

2.1.1.

Climate and Weather

2.1.1.1.

Solar Radiation

2.1.1.1.1.

Intensity Variation

2.1.1.1.2.

Seasonal Changes

2.1.1.1.3.

Latitudinal Gradients

2.1.1.2.

2.1.1.2.1.

Daily and Seasonal Cycles

2.1.1.2.2.

Extreme Temperatures

2.1.1.2.3.

Effects on Metabolism

2.1.1.3.

Water Availability

2.1.1.3.1.

Precipitation Patterns

2.1.1.3.2.

2.1.1.3.3.

2.1.1.4.

Atmospheric Conditions

2.1.1.4.1.

2.1.1.4.2.

Atmospheric Pressure

2.1.1.4.3.

Gas Concentrations

2.1.2.

Aquatic Environments

2.1.2.1.

Physical Properties

2.1.2.1.1.

2.1.2.1.2.

2.1.2.1.3.

2.1.2.2.

Chemical Properties

2.1.2.2.1.

2.1.2.2.2.

2.1.2.2.3.

Dissolved Oxygen

2.1.2.2.4.

Nutrient Concentrations

2.1.2.3.

Light Environment

2.1.2.3.1.

Penetration Depth

2.1.2.3.2.

Spectral Quality

2.1.2.3.3.

2.1.2.4.

Temperature Dynamics

2.1.2.4.1.

Thermal Stratification

2.1.2.4.2.

Seasonal Turnover

2.1.2.4.3.

2.1.2.5.

2.1.2.5.1.

2.1.2.5.2.

2.1.2.5.3.

2.1.3.

Terrestrial Environments

2.1.3.1.

Soil Properties

2.1.3.1.1.

Formation Processes

2.1.3.1.2.

2.1.3.1.3.

Texture and Structure

2.1.3.1.4.

Porosity and Permeability

2.1.3.2.

2.1.3.2.1.

pH and Buffering

2.1.3.2.2.

Nutrient Availability

2.1.3.2.3.

Cation Exchange

2.1.3.2.4.

Organic Matter Content

2.1.3.3.

2.1.3.3.1.

Microbial Communities

2.1.3.3.2.

2.1.3.3.3.

Root-Soil Interactions

2.1.3.4.

2.1.3.4.1.

Elevation Effects

2.1.3.4.2.

Slope and Aspect

2.1.3.4.3.

Drainage Patterns

2.1.4.

2.1.4.1.

Factors Creating Microclimates

2.1.4.2.

Spatial Variation

2.1.4.3.

Temporal Variation

2.1.4.4.

Biological Significance

2.2.

Organismal Responses to Environment

2.2.1.

Physiological Adaptations

2.2.1.1.

2.2.1.1.1.

Regulatory Mechanisms

2.2.1.1.2.

Feedback Systems

2.2.1.1.3.

Tolerance Ranges

2.2.1.2.

Thermoregulation

2.2.1.2.1.

2.2.1.2.2.

2.2.1.2.3.

Behavioral Thermoregulation

2.2.1.2.4.

Counter-current Exchange

2.2.1.3.

2.2.1.3.1.

2.2.1.3.2.

Water Conservation

2.2.1.3.3.

2.2.1.3.4.

Drought Tolerance

2.2.1.4.

Metabolic Adjustments

2.2.1.4.1.

Enzyme Function

2.2.1.4.2.

2.2.1.4.3.

2.2.1.5.

Respiratory Adaptations

2.2.1.5.1.

Oxygen Acquisition

2.2.1.5.2.

Gas Exchange Efficiency

2.2.1.5.3.

High Altitude Adaptations

2.2.2.

Morphological Adaptations

2.2.2.1.

Body Size and Shape

2.2.2.2.

Surface Area Relationships

2.2.2.3.

Structural Modifications

2.2.2.4.

Protective Structures

2.2.2.5.

Sensory Adaptations

2.2.3.

Behavioral Adaptations

2.2.3.1.

Foraging Behavior

2.2.3.1.1.

Optimal Foraging Theory

2.2.3.1.2.

Search Strategies

2.2.3.1.3.

2.2.3.2.

Habitat Selection

2.2.3.2.1.

Cue Recognition

2.2.3.2.2.

Preference Hierarchies

2.2.3.2.3.

Settlement Patterns

2.2.3.3.

Temporal Activity Patterns

2.2.3.3.1.

Circadian Rhythms

2.2.3.3.2.

Seasonal Timing

2.2.3.3.3.

Migration Patterns

2.2.3.4.

Social Behaviors

2.2.3.4.1.

Group Formation

2.2.3.4.2.

2.2.3.4.3.

Cooperative Behaviors

2.2.4.

Life History Adaptations

2.2.4.1.

Reproductive Strategies

2.2.4.2.

Growth Patterns

2.2.4.3.

2.2.4.4.

Developmental Plasticity

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1. Introduction to Ecology

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3. Population Ecology