Ecology

  1. Landscape and Global Ecology
    1. Landscape Ecology
      1. Landscape Structure
        1. Patches
          1. Patch Size
            1. Patch Shape
              1. Patch Quality
              2. Corridors
                1. Corridor Width
                  1. Corridor Connectivity
                    1. Movement Facilitation
                    2. Matrix
                      1. Matrix Quality
                        1. Matrix Permeability
                      2. Landscape Processes
                        1. Dispersal and Migration
                          1. Gene Flow
                            1. Disturbance Spread
                              1. Resource Flows
                              2. Edge Effects
                                1. Microclimate Changes
                                  1. Species Composition Changes
                                    1. Edge-to-Interior Ratios
                                    2. Fragmentation Effects
                                      1. Habitat Loss
                                        1. Isolation Effects
                                          1. Population Consequences
                                          2. Island Biogeography Theory
                                            1. Species-Area Relationship
                                              1. Distance Effects
                                                1. Immigration-Extinction Balance
                                                  1. Applications to Conservation
                                                2. Biogeography
                                                  1. Historical Biogeography
                                                    1. Continental Drift
                                                      1. Vicariance
                                                        1. Dispersal Events
                                                        2. Ecological Biogeography
                                                          1. Climate Constraints
                                                            1. Biotic Interactions
                                                              1. Dispersal Limitations
                                                              2. Biodiversity Patterns
                                                                1. Latitudinal Gradients
                                                                  1. Elevational Gradients
                                                                    1. Island Patterns
                                                                      1. Hotspots and Endemism
                                                                    2. Biomes
                                                                      1. Terrestrial Biomes
                                                                        1. Tropical Rainforest
                                                                          1. Climate Characteristics
                                                                            1. Vegetation Structure
                                                                              1. Biodiversity Patterns
                                                                                1. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                2. Tropical Dry Forest
                                                                                  1. Seasonal Rainfall
                                                                                    1. Deciduous Adaptations
                                                                                    2. Savanna
                                                                                      1. Grass-Tree Coexistence
                                                                                        1. Fire Ecology
                                                                                          1. Herbivore Effects
                                                                                          2. Desert
                                                                                            1. Water Limitations
                                                                                              1. Temperature Extremes
                                                                                                1. Organism Adaptations
                                                                                                2. Mediterranean Shrubland
                                                                                                  1. Climate Patterns
                                                                                                    1. Fire Adaptations
                                                                                                      1. Sclerophyllous Vegetation
                                                                                                      2. Temperate Grassland
                                                                                                        1. Precipitation Patterns
                                                                                                          1. Soil Development
                                                                                                            1. Grazing Effects
                                                                                                            2. Temperate Forest
                                                                                                              1. Deciduous Forests
                                                                                                                1. Coniferous Forests
                                                                                                                  1. Mixed Forests
                                                                                                                  2. Boreal Forest
                                                                                                                    1. Cold Adaptations
                                                                                                                      1. Conifer Dominance
                                                                                                                        1. Disturbance Regimes
                                                                                                                        2. Tundra
                                                                                                                          1. Permafrost Effects
                                                                                                                            1. Short Growing Seasons
                                                                                                                              1. Arctic vs Alpine Tundra
                                                                                                                            2. Aquatic Biomes
                                                                                                                              1. Freshwater Systems
                                                                                                                                1. Lakes and Ponds
                                                                                                                                  1. Thermal Stratification
                                                                                                                                    1. Productivity Gradients
                                                                                                                                      1. Zonation Patterns
                                                                                                                                      2. Rivers and Streams
                                                                                                                                        1. Flow Characteristics
                                                                                                                                          1. Longitudinal Patterns
                                                                                                                                            1. Riparian Interactions
                                                                                                                                            2. Wetlands
                                                                                                                                              1. Wetland Types
                                                                                                                                                1. Hydrology
                                                                                                                                                  1. Ecosystem Functions
                                                                                                                                                2. Marine Systems
                                                                                                                                                  1. Coastal Zones
                                                                                                                                                    1. Intertidal Communities
                                                                                                                                                      1. Estuarine Systems
                                                                                                                                                        1. Salt Marshes
                                                                                                                                                          1. Mangrove Forests
                                                                                                                                                          2. Coral Reefs
                                                                                                                                                            1. Reef Formation
                                                                                                                                                              1. Symbiotic Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                1. Biodiversity Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                2. Open Ocean
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pelagic Communities
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vertical Zonation
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Productivity Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Deep Sea
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Benthic Communities
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hydrothermal Vents
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cold Seeps
                                                                                                                                                                      3. Global Ecology
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Global Climate System
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Energy Balance
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Atmospheric Circulation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ocean Circulation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Climate Feedbacks
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Global Biogeochemical Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Carbon Cycle Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nitrogen Cycle Perturbations
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Cycle Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Global Change
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Climate Change
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Greenhouse Gas Increases
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temperature Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Precipitation Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Extreme Events
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Biodiversity Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Extinction Rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Range Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Phenological Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Biogeochemical Perturbations
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nitrogen Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ocean Acidification
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ozone Depletion

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                                                                                                                                                                                                      7. Applied Ecology and Conservation