Crop Science and Production

6.

Integrated Pest Management

6.1.

IPM Principles and Concepts

6.1.1.

Definition of IPM

6.1.2.

6.1.3.

Economic Thresholds

6.1.3.1.

Economic Injury Level

6.1.3.2.

Economic Threshold Level

6.1.3.3.

Action Thresholds

6.1.4.

Prevention and Suppression

6.1.4.1.

Preventive Measures

6.1.4.2.

Suppression Strategies

6.1.5.

IPM Decision Making

6.1.5.1.

Monitoring and Assessment

6.1.5.2.

Treatment Decisions

6.1.5.3.

6.2.

Pest Identification and Monitoring

6.2.1.

Pest Categories

6.2.1.1.

6.2.1.2.

Secondary Pests

6.2.1.3.

Occasional Pests

6.2.2.

Monitoring Techniques

6.2.2.1.

Visual Inspection

6.2.2.2.

Sampling Methods

6.2.2.2.1.

Random Sampling

6.2.2.2.2.

Systematic Sampling

6.2.2.2.3.

Sequential Sampling

6.2.2.3.

6.2.2.3.1.

Pheromone Traps

6.2.2.3.2.

6.2.2.3.3.

6.2.2.4.

6.2.2.4.1.

Satellite Imagery

6.2.2.4.2.

Drone Surveillance

6.2.3.

Pest Population Assessment

6.2.3.1.

Population Dynamics

6.2.3.2.

Damage Assessment

6.2.3.3.

Forecasting Models

6.3.

Major Pest Categories

6.3.1.

6.3.1.1.

6.3.1.1.1.

6.3.1.1.2.

Reproduction Methods

6.3.1.1.3.

Dispersal Mechanisms

6.3.1.2.

Weed Classification

6.3.1.2.1.

6.3.1.2.2.

6.3.1.2.3.

Perennial Weeds

6.3.1.3.

Common Weed Species

6.3.1.3.1.

6.3.1.3.2.

6.3.1.3.3.

6.3.1.4.

Weed Competition

6.3.1.4.1.

Resource Competition

6.3.1.4.2.

6.3.1.4.3.

Critical Periods

6.3.2.

6.3.2.1.

6.3.2.1.1.

6.3.2.1.2.

6.3.2.1.3.

Development Stages

6.3.2.2.

6.3.2.2.1.

Chewing Insects

6.3.2.2.2.

Sucking Insects

6.3.2.2.3.

6.3.2.3.

Major Insect Orders

6.3.2.3.1.

6.3.2.3.2.

6.3.2.3.3.

6.3.2.3.4.

6.3.2.3.5.

6.3.2.4.

Damage Symptoms

6.3.2.4.1.

6.3.2.4.2.

Indirect Damage

6.3.2.4.3.

Vector Transmission

6.3.3.

Plant Pathogens

6.3.3.1.

Fungal Pathogens

6.3.3.1.1.

6.3.3.1.2.

6.3.3.1.3.

Common Fungal Diseases

6.3.3.1.4.

Environmental Factors

6.3.3.2.

Bacterial Pathogens

6.3.3.2.1.

Bacterial Biology

6.3.3.2.2.

Transmission Methods

6.3.3.2.3.

Common Bacterial Diseases

6.3.3.2.4.

Management Challenges

6.3.3.3.

Viral Pathogens

6.3.3.3.1.

Virus Structure

6.3.3.3.2.

Transmission Vectors

6.3.3.3.3.

Common Viral Diseases

6.3.3.3.4.

Diagnostic Methods

6.3.3.4.

6.3.3.4.1.

Nematode Biology

6.3.3.4.2.

Types of Plant Nematodes

6.3.3.4.3.

Damage Symptoms

6.3.3.4.4.

Sampling and Detection

6.3.3.5.

Other Pathogens

6.3.3.5.1.

6.3.3.5.2.

6.3.3.5.3.

6.3.4.

Vertebrate Pests

6.3.4.1.

6.3.4.1.1.

Biology and Behavior

6.3.4.1.2.

6.3.4.1.3.

Management Strategies

6.3.4.2.

6.3.4.2.1.

Problem Species

6.3.4.2.2.

Damage Assessment

6.3.4.2.3.

Control Methods

6.3.4.3.

Other Vertebrates

6.3.4.3.1.

6.3.4.3.2.

6.3.4.3.3.

6.4.

IPM Control Methods

6.4.1.

Cultural Control

6.4.1.1.

6.4.1.1.1.

Breaking Pest Cycles

6.4.1.1.2.

6.4.1.2.

6.4.1.2.1.

Residue Management

6.4.1.2.2.

Equipment Cleaning

6.4.1.2.3.

6.4.1.3.

Planting Practices

6.4.1.3.1.

Planting Date Manipulation

6.4.1.3.2.

6.4.1.3.3.

Resistant Varieties

6.4.1.4.

Tillage Practices

6.4.1.4.1.

Pest Disruption

6.4.1.4.2.

Habitat Modification

6.4.1.5.

Water Management

6.4.1.5.1.

Irrigation Timing

6.4.1.5.2.

6.4.1.6.

Fertilizer Management

6.4.1.6.1.

Balanced Nutrition

6.4.1.6.2.

Avoiding Excess Nitrogen

6.4.2.

Physical and Mechanical Control

6.4.2.1.

Exclusion Methods

6.4.2.1.1.

6.4.2.1.2.

6.4.2.1.3.

6.4.2.2.

6.4.2.2.1.

6.4.2.2.2.

Monitoring Traps

6.4.2.3.

6.4.2.3.1.

6.4.2.3.2.

6.4.2.4.

Mechanical Cultivation

6.4.2.4.1.

Inter-row Cultivation

6.4.2.4.2.

6.4.2.5.

6.4.2.5.1.

Organic Mulches

6.4.2.5.2.

Plastic Mulches

6.4.3.

Biological Control

6.4.3.1.

Natural Enemies

6.4.3.1.1.

6.4.3.1.1.1.

Beneficial Insects

6.4.3.1.1.2.

6.4.3.1.1.3.

6.4.3.1.2.

6.4.3.1.2.1.

Parasitic Wasps

6.4.3.1.2.2.

Parasitic Flies

6.4.3.1.3.

6.4.3.1.3.1.

Entomopathogenic Fungi

6.4.3.1.3.2.

6.4.3.1.3.3.

6.4.3.1.3.4.

6.4.3.2.

Conservation Biological Control

6.4.3.2.1.

Habitat Management

6.4.3.2.2.

Pesticide Selectivity

6.4.3.2.3.

Beneficial Plant Species

6.4.3.3.

Augmentative Biological Control

6.4.3.3.1.

Inoculative Releases

6.4.3.3.2.

Inundative Releases

6.4.3.3.3.

6.4.3.4.

Classical Biological Control

6.4.3.4.1.

Introduction Programs

6.4.3.4.2.

Host Specificity Testing

6.4.3.5.

6.4.3.5.1.

Microbial Pesticides

6.4.3.5.2.

Biochemical Pesticides

6.4.3.5.3.

Plant-Incorporated Protectants

6.4.4.

Chemical Control

6.4.4.1.

Pesticide Categories

6.4.4.1.1.

6.4.4.1.1.1.

Mode of Action Groups

6.4.4.1.1.2.

6.4.4.1.1.3.

Application Methods

6.4.4.1.2.

6.4.4.1.2.1.

Mode of Action Groups

6.4.4.1.2.2.

Systemic vs Contact

6.4.4.1.2.3.

Application Methods

6.4.4.1.3.

6.4.4.1.3.1.

Protective vs Curative

6.4.4.1.3.2.

Systemic Movement

6.4.4.1.3.3.

Resistance Management

6.4.4.1.4.

6.4.4.1.4.1.

6.4.4.1.4.2.

Non-Fumigant Nematicides

6.4.4.2.

Pesticide Selection

6.4.4.2.1.

6.4.4.2.2.

6.4.4.2.3.

Environmental Impact

6.4.4.2.4.

Cost-Effectiveness

6.4.4.3.

Application Technology

6.4.4.3.1.

6.4.4.3.1.1.

6.4.4.3.1.2.

Air-Blast Sprayers

6.4.4.3.1.3.

Backpack Sprayers

6.4.4.3.2.

Nozzle Selection

6.4.4.3.3.

6.4.4.3.4.

Drift Management

6.4.4.4.

Pesticide Resistance Management

6.4.4.4.1.

Resistance Mechanisms

6.4.4.4.2.

Resistance Monitoring

6.4.4.4.3.

Resistance Management Strategies

6.4.4.4.3.1.

Rotation of Modes of Action

6.4.4.4.3.2.

6.4.4.4.3.3.

6.4.4.5.

Pesticide Safety

6.4.4.5.1.

Personal Protective Equipment

6.4.4.5.2.

Safe Handling Procedures

6.4.4.5.3.

Storage and Disposal

6.4.4.5.4.

Environmental Protection

6.4.4.5.5.

Regulatory Compliance

6.4.5.

Integrated Approaches

6.4.5.1.

Combining Control Methods

6.4.5.2.

Timing Considerations

6.4.5.3.

Economic Optimization

6.4.5.4.

Environmental Sustainability

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