Crop Science and Production

  1. Integrated Pest Management
    1. IPM Principles and Concepts
      1. Definition of IPM
        1. IPM Philosophy
          1. Economic Thresholds
            1. Economic Injury Level
              1. Economic Threshold Level
                1. Action Thresholds
                2. Prevention and Suppression
                  1. Preventive Measures
                    1. Suppression Strategies
                    2. IPM Decision Making
                      1. Monitoring and Assessment
                        1. Treatment Decisions
                          1. Evaluation
                        2. Pest Identification and Monitoring
                          1. Pest Categories
                            1. Key Pests
                              1. Secondary Pests
                                1. Occasional Pests
                                2. Monitoring Techniques
                                  1. Visual Inspection
                                    1. Sampling Methods
                                      1. Random Sampling
                                        1. Systematic Sampling
                                          1. Sequential Sampling
                                          2. Trapping
                                            1. Pheromone Traps
                                              1. Light Traps
                                                1. Sticky Traps
                                                2. Remote Sensing
                                                  1. Satellite Imagery
                                                    1. Drone Surveillance
                                                  2. Pest Population Assessment
                                                    1. Population Dynamics
                                                      1. Damage Assessment
                                                        1. Forecasting Models
                                                      2. Major Pest Categories
                                                        1. Weeds
                                                          1. Weed Biology
                                                            1. Life Cycles
                                                              1. Reproduction Methods
                                                                1. Dispersal Mechanisms
                                                                2. Weed Classification
                                                                  1. Annual Weeds
                                                                    1. Biennial Weeds
                                                                      1. Perennial Weeds
                                                                      2. Common Weed Species
                                                                        1. Grasses
                                                                          1. Broadleaves
                                                                            1. Sedges
                                                                            2. Weed Competition
                                                                              1. Resource Competition
                                                                                1. Allelopathy
                                                                                  1. Critical Periods
                                                                                2. Insect Pests
                                                                                  1. Insect Biology
                                                                                    1. Life Cycles
                                                                                      1. Metamorphosis
                                                                                        1. Development Stages
                                                                                        2. Feeding Types
                                                                                          1. Chewing Insects
                                                                                            1. Sucking Insects
                                                                                              1. Boring Insects
                                                                                              2. Major Insect Orders
                                                                                                1. Lepidoptera
                                                                                                  1. Coleoptera
                                                                                                    1. Hemiptera
                                                                                                      1. Diptera
                                                                                                        1. Thysanoptera
                                                                                                        2. Damage Symptoms
                                                                                                          1. Direct Damage
                                                                                                            1. Indirect Damage
                                                                                                              1. Vector Transmission
                                                                                                            2. Plant Pathogens
                                                                                                              1. Fungal Pathogens
                                                                                                                1. Fungal Biology
                                                                                                                  1. Disease Cycles
                                                                                                                    1. Common Fungal Diseases
                                                                                                                      1. Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                      2. Bacterial Pathogens
                                                                                                                        1. Bacterial Biology
                                                                                                                          1. Transmission Methods
                                                                                                                            1. Common Bacterial Diseases
                                                                                                                              1. Management Challenges
                                                                                                                              2. Viral Pathogens
                                                                                                                                1. Virus Structure
                                                                                                                                  1. Transmission Vectors
                                                                                                                                    1. Common Viral Diseases
                                                                                                                                      1. Diagnostic Methods
                                                                                                                                      2. Nematodes
                                                                                                                                        1. Nematode Biology
                                                                                                                                          1. Types of Plant Nematodes
                                                                                                                                            1. Damage Symptoms
                                                                                                                                              1. Sampling and Detection
                                                                                                                                              2. Other Pathogens
                                                                                                                                                1. Phytoplasmas
                                                                                                                                                  1. Spiroplasmas
                                                                                                                                                    1. Viroids
                                                                                                                                                  2. Vertebrate Pests
                                                                                                                                                    1. Rodents
                                                                                                                                                      1. Biology and Behavior
                                                                                                                                                        1. Damage Types
                                                                                                                                                          1. Management Strategies
                                                                                                                                                          2. Birds
                                                                                                                                                            1. Problem Species
                                                                                                                                                              1. Damage Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                1. Control Methods
                                                                                                                                                                2. Other Vertebrates
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Deer
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rabbits
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wild Boar
                                                                                                                                                                  2. IPM Control Methods
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cultural Control
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Crop Rotation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Breaking Pest Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Host Removal
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Sanitation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Residue Management
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Equipment Cleaning
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Weed Control
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Planting Practices
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Planting Date Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Seed Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Resistant Varieties
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Tillage Practices
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pest Disruption
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Habitat Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Water Management
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Irrigation Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Drainage
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Fertilizer Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Balanced Nutrition
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Avoiding Excess Nitrogen
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Physical and Mechanical Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Exclusion Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Row Covers
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Screens
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Trapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mass Trapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Monitoring Traps
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Hand Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hand Weeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hand Picking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Mechanical Cultivation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inter-row Cultivation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flame Weeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Mulching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Organic Mulches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Plastic Mulches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Biological Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Natural Enemies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Predators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Beneficial Insects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spiders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Parasitoids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Parasitic Wasps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Parasitic Flies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pathogens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Entomopathogenic Fungi
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bacteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Viruses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nematodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Conservation Biological Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Habitat Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pesticide Selectivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Beneficial Plant Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Augmentative Biological Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inoculative Releases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Inundative Releases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mass Rearing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Classical Biological Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Introduction Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Host Specificity Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Biopesticides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Microbial Pesticides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biochemical Pesticides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Plant-Incorporated Protectants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chemical Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pesticide Categories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Herbicides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mode of Action Groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Selectivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Application Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Insecticides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mode of Action Groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Systemic vs Contact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Application Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Fungicides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Protective vs Curative
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Systemic Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Resistance Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Nematicides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Soil Fumigants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Non-Fumigant Nematicides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Pesticide Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Efficacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Selectivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Environmental Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cost-Effectiveness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Application Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sprayer Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Boom Sprayers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Air-Blast Sprayers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Backpack Sprayers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Nozzle Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Calibration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Drift Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Pesticide Resistance Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Resistance Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Resistance Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Resistance Management Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rotation of Modes of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Refuges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pesticide Safety
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Personal Protective Equipment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Safe Handling Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Storage and Disposal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Environmental Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Regulatory Compliance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Integrated Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Combining Control Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Timing Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Economic Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Environmental Sustainability

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                5. Crop Production and Management Systems

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                7. Abiotic Stress Management