Crop Science and Production

  1. Plant Biology for Crop Production
    1. Plant Anatomy and Morphology
      1. The Plant Cell
        1. Cell Structure and Organelles
          1. Nucleus
            1. Mitochondria
              1. Endoplasmic Reticulum
                1. Golgi Apparatus
                  1. Ribosomes
                    1. Vacuoles
                    2. Plant Cell Wall
                      1. Primary Cell Wall
                        1. Secondary Cell Wall
                          1. Cell Wall Components
                          2. Plastids
                            1. Chloroplasts
                              1. Amyloplasts
                                1. Chromoplasts
                              2. Plant Tissues
                                1. Meristematic Tissue
                                  1. Apical Meristems
                                    1. Shoot Apical Meristem
                                      1. Root Apical Meristem
                                      2. Lateral Meristems
                                        1. Vascular Cambium
                                          1. Cork Cambium
                                          2. Intercalary Meristems
                                          3. Dermal Tissue
                                            1. Epidermis
                                              1. Guard Cells
                                                1. Trichomes
                                                2. Cuticle
                                                  1. Periderm
                                                  2. Ground Tissue
                                                    1. Parenchyma
                                                      1. Collenchyma
                                                        1. Sclerenchyma
                                                          1. Fibers
                                                            1. Sclereids
                                                          2. Vascular Tissue
                                                            1. Xylem
                                                              1. Tracheids
                                                                1. Vessel Elements
                                                                  1. Xylem Parenchyma
                                                                    1. Xylem Fibers
                                                                    2. Phloem
                                                                      1. Sieve Tube Elements
                                                                        1. Companion Cells
                                                                          1. Phloem Parenchyma
                                                                            1. Phloem Fibers
                                                                        2. Plant Organs
                                                                          1. Roots
                                                                            1. Root Structure
                                                                              1. Root Cap
                                                                                1. Zone of Cell Division
                                                                                  1. Zone of Elongation
                                                                                    1. Zone of Maturation
                                                                                    2. Root Functions
                                                                                      1. Anchorage
                                                                                        1. Water and Nutrient Absorption
                                                                                          1. Storage
                                                                                          2. Types of Roots
                                                                                            1. Taproot System
                                                                                              1. Fibrous Root System
                                                                                              2. Root Modifications
                                                                                                1. Storage Roots
                                                                                                  1. Aerial Roots
                                                                                                    1. Prop Roots
                                                                                                  2. Stems
                                                                                                    1. Stem Anatomy
                                                                                                      1. Nodes and Internodes
                                                                                                        1. Buds
                                                                                                          1. Vascular Bundles
                                                                                                          2. Stem Functions
                                                                                                            1. Support
                                                                                                              1. Transport
                                                                                                                1. Storage
                                                                                                                  1. Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                  2. Stem Modifications
                                                                                                                    1. Rhizomes
                                                                                                                      1. Stolons
                                                                                                                        1. Tubers
                                                                                                                          1. Bulbs
                                                                                                                            1. Corms
                                                                                                                          2. Leaves
                                                                                                                            1. Leaf Anatomy
                                                                                                                              1. Blade
                                                                                                                                1. Petiole
                                                                                                                                  1. Stipules
                                                                                                                                    1. Mesophyll
                                                                                                                                      1. Vascular Bundles
                                                                                                                                      2. Leaf Functions
                                                                                                                                        1. Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                          1. Transpiration
                                                                                                                                            1. Gas Exchange
                                                                                                                                            2. Leaf Types and Arrangements
                                                                                                                                              1. Simple vs Compound
                                                                                                                                                1. Alternate vs Opposite vs Whorled
                                                                                                                                                  1. Leaf Shapes
                                                                                                                                                  2. Leaf Modifications
                                                                                                                                                    1. Tendrils
                                                                                                                                                      1. Spines
                                                                                                                                                        1. Storage Leaves
                                                                                                                                                      2. Flowers
                                                                                                                                                        1. Flower Structure
                                                                                                                                                          1. Sepals
                                                                                                                                                            1. Petals
                                                                                                                                                              1. Stamens
                                                                                                                                                                1. Pistils
                                                                                                                                                                2. Flower Types
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Perfect vs Imperfect
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Complete vs Incomplete
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Inflorescence Types
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Raceme
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Panicle
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spike
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Umbel
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Pollination Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Self-Pollination
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cross-Pollination
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wind Pollination
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Insect Pollination
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Fruits
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fruit Development
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fruit Set
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fruit Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ripening
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Fruit Types
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Simple Fruits
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Aggregate Fruits
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Multiple Fruits
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Fruit Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fleshy Fruits
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dry Fruits
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Seed Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Seed Coat
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Embryo
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Endosperm
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cotyledons
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Seed Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Monocot Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dicot Seeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Seed Dormancy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Physical Dormancy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Physiological Dormancy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Morphological Dormancy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Plant Physiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Light-Dependent Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chlorophyll and Light Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Photosystem I and II
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Electron Transport Chain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. ATP and NADPH Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Photolysis of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Calvin Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Carbon Fixation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reduction Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Regeneration Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sugar Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Photosynthetic Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. C3 Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. C4 Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spatial Separation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Biochemical Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Advantages in Hot Climates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. CAM Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Temporal Separation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Light Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Carbon Dioxide Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Water Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cellular Respiration Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Glycolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Glucose Breakdown
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. ATP Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Krebs Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Acetyl-CoA Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Citric Acid Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Electron Transport Chain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxidative Phosphorylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. ATP Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Factors Affecting Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Oxygen Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Substrate Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Transpiration and Water Relations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Water Uptake and Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Root Water Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Xylem Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cohesion-Tension Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Transpiration Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stomatal Transpiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cuticular Transpiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lenticular Transpiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Stomatal Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Guard Cell Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Environmental Controls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hormonal Controls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Water Use Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transpiration Ratio
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Productivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Water Stress Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wilting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Growth Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Physiological Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Nutrient Uptake and Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Root Absorption Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Passive Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Active Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mass Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Nutrient Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Xylem Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Phloem Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Symplastic Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Apoplastic Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Nutrient Mobility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mobile Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Immobile Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Plant Growth and Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Seed Germination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Imbibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Enzyme Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Radicle Emergence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Environmental Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Oxygen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Dormancy Breaking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Scarification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Stratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chemical Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Vegetative Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cell Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cell Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cell Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Leaf Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Stem Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Root Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Reproductive Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Flowering Induction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Photoperiodism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vernalization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Autonomous Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Flower Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pollination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pollen Tube Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Double Fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Fruit and Seed Set
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fruit Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Seed Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Senescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Leaf Senescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chlorophyll Breakdown
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nutrient Remobilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Whole Plant Senescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Programmed Cell Death
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Plant Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Auxins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Indole-3-Acetic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Synthetic Auxins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cell Elongation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Apical Dominance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Root Initiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fruit Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Gibberellins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. GA3 and Other Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Stem Elongation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Seed Germination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flowering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fruit Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cytokinins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Zeatin and Synthetic Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cell Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Shoot Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Delay of Senescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nutrient Mobilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Abscisic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Biosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Stress Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stomatal Closure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Seed Dormancy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Growth Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Ethylene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Biosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fruit Ripening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Leaf Abscission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Stress Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Root Hair Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Brassinosteroids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Growth Promotion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Hormone Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Synergistic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Antagonistic Effects

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Soil Science and Management