Crop Science and Production

  1. Crop Production and Management Systems
    1. Land Preparation and Tillage
      1. Objectives of Tillage
        1. Seedbed Preparation
          1. Weed Control
            1. Residue Management
              1. Soil Aeration
              2. Primary Tillage
                1. Plowing
                  1. Moldboard Plow
                    1. Disc Plow
                      1. Chisel Plow
                      2. Subsoiling
                        1. Deep Tillage
                        2. Secondary Tillage
                          1. Harrowing
                            1. Disc Harrow
                              1. Spring-Tooth Harrow
                                1. Spike-Tooth Harrow
                                2. Cultivating
                                  1. Field Finishing
                                  2. Conservation Tillage
                                    1. No-Till
                                      1. Principles
                                        1. Equipment
                                          1. Benefits and Challenges
                                          2. Strip-Till
                                            1. Procedure
                                            2. Ridge-Till
                                              1. System Components
                                                1. Management Considerations
                                                2. Reduced Tillage
                                                  1. Minimum Tillage
                                                    1. Mulch Tillage
                                                  2. Tillage Effects
                                                    1. Soil Physical Properties
                                                      1. Soil Biological Activity
                                                        1. Water Relations
                                                          1. Nutrient Availability
                                                        2. Planting and Establishment
                                                          1. Seed Selection and Preparation
                                                            1. Variety Selection
                                                              1. Seed Quality Assessment
                                                                1. Seed Treatment
                                                                  1. Seed Priming
                                                                  2. Planting Methods
                                                                    1. Broadcasting
                                                                      1. Hand Broadcasting
                                                                        1. Mechanical Broadcasting
                                                                        2. Drilling
                                                                          1. Grain Drills
                                                                            1. Precision Planters
                                                                            2. Transplanting
                                                                              1. Seedling Production
                                                                                1. Transplanting Techniques
                                                                                2. Direct Seeding
                                                                                  1. Advantages and Disadvantages
                                                                                    1. Suitable Crops
                                                                                  2. Planting Parameters
                                                                                    1. Planting Depth
                                                                                      1. Factors Affecting Depth
                                                                                        1. Crop-Specific Requirements
                                                                                        2. Plant Spacing
                                                                                          1. Row Spacing
                                                                                            1. Plant Population
                                                                                              1. Factors Affecting Spacing
                                                                                              2. Seeding Rate
                                                                                                1. Calculation Methods
                                                                                                  1. Adjustment Factors
                                                                                                2. Germination and Emergence
                                                                                                  1. Environmental Requirements
                                                                                                    1. Temperature
                                                                                                      1. Moisture
                                                                                                        1. Oxygen
                                                                                                          1. Light
                                                                                                          2. Factors Affecting Emergence
                                                                                                            1. Seed Quality
                                                                                                              1. Planting Depth
                                                                                                                1. Soil Conditions
                                                                                                                2. Stand Establishment
                                                                                                                  1. Uniform Emergence
                                                                                                                    1. Plant Population Assessment
                                                                                                                3. Water Management and Irrigation
                                                                                                                  1. Crop Water Requirements
                                                                                                                    1. Evapotranspiration
                                                                                                                      1. Reference Evapotranspiration
                                                                                                                        1. Crop Coefficients
                                                                                                                          1. Calculation Methods
                                                                                                                          2. Water Use Efficiency
                                                                                                                            1. Irrigation Efficiency
                                                                                                                              1. Water Productivity
                                                                                                                              2. Critical Growth Stages
                                                                                                                                1. Water-Sensitive Periods
                                                                                                                                  1. Deficit Irrigation
                                                                                                                                2. Irrigation Scheduling
                                                                                                                                  1. Soil-Based Methods
                                                                                                                                    1. Soil Moisture Monitoring
                                                                                                                                      1. Tensiometers
                                                                                                                                        1. Electrical Resistance Blocks
                                                                                                                                        2. Plant-Based Methods
                                                                                                                                          1. Leaf Water Potential
                                                                                                                                            1. Stomatal Conductance
                                                                                                                                              1. Canopy Temperature
                                                                                                                                              2. Weather-Based Methods
                                                                                                                                                1. Evapotranspiration Estimates
                                                                                                                                                  1. Water Balance Models
                                                                                                                                                2. Irrigation Systems
                                                                                                                                                  1. Surface Irrigation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Basin Irrigation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Border Irrigation
                                                                                                                                                        1. Furrow Irrigation
                                                                                                                                                          1. Flood Irrigation
                                                                                                                                                            1. Design Considerations
                                                                                                                                                              1. Management Practices
                                                                                                                                                              2. Sprinkler Irrigation
                                                                                                                                                                1. Solid Set Systems
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Portable Systems
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Center Pivot Systems
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Linear Move Systems
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Design and Management
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Micro-Irrigation
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Drip Irrigation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. System Components
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Design Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Management Practices
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Micro-Sprinkler Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Subsurface Drip Irrigation
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. System Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Crop Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Soil Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Economic Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Drainage
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Need for Drainage
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Waterlogging Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Salt Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Drainage Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Surface Drainage
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Land Grading
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Surface Ditches
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Subsurface Drainage
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tile Drainage
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mole Drainage
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Drainage Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Spacing and Depth
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Outlet Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Water Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Irrigation Water Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Salinity
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sodicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Toxic Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. pH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Water Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chemical Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biological Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Nutrient Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nutrient Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Crop Nutrient Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Uptake Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nutrient Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Soil Nutrient Supply
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Available Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nutrient Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Nutrient Balance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inputs and Outputs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nutrient Budgets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Fertilizer Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Application Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Broadcasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Uniform Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Incorporation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Band Placement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Starter Fertilizers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Side-Dressing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Foliar Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spray Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Application Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Fertigation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Injection Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Scheduling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Application Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pre-Plant Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. At-Plant Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Post-Plant Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Split Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Application Rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Rate Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Adjustment Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Integrated Nutrient Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Combining Organic and Inorganic Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nutrient Synchronization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Site-Specific Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Precision Nutrient Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Nutrient Use Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Factors Affecting Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Enhancement Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Slow-Release Fertilizers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Placement Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cropping Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Monoculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Definition and Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mechanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Specialization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Economies of Scale
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Disadvantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pest Buildup
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Soil Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Risk Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Multiple Cropping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Intercropping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Row Intercropping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Strip Intercropping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mixed Intercropping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Relay Intercropping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Sequential Cropping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Double Cropping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Triple Cropping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Companion Planting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Beneficial Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pest Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Crop Rotation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Principles of Rotation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pest Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Soil Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Rotation Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Crop Sequence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Duration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Economic Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Types of Rotations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cereal-Legume Rotations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cash Crop Rotations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Forage-Based Rotations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Cover Cropping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cover Crop Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Soil Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Weed Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pest Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Cover Crop Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Grasses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Legumes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Brassicas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mixtures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Management Practices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Establishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Termination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Integration with Cash Crops
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Fallow Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Types of Fallow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bare Fallow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chemical Fallow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ecological Fallow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Functions of Fallow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Moisture Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nutrient Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pest Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Fallow Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Weed Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Soil Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nutrient Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Agroforestry Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Alley Cropping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Silvopasture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Windbreaks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Benefits and Challenges

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          6. Integrated Pest Management