Crop Science and Production

4.

Crop Genetics and Improvement

4.1.

Principles of Genetics

4.1.1.

Mendelian Genetics

4.1.1.1.

Laws of Inheritance

4.1.1.1.1.

Law of Segregation

4.1.1.1.2.

Law of Independent Assortment

4.1.1.2.

Genetic Variation

4.1.1.2.1.

4.1.1.2.2.

Genotype and Phenotype

4.1.1.3.

Dominance Relationships

4.1.1.3.1.

Complete Dominance

4.1.1.3.2.

Incomplete Dominance

4.1.1.3.3.

4.1.2.

Extensions of Mendelian Genetics

4.1.2.1.

Multiple Alleles

4.1.2.2.

4.1.2.3.

Polygenic Inheritance

4.1.2.4.

Linkage and Crossing Over

4.1.3.

Population Genetics

4.1.3.1.

Gene Frequencies

4.1.3.2.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

4.1.3.3.

Factors Affecting Gene Frequencies

4.1.4.

Quantitative Genetics

4.1.4.1.

4.1.4.2.

Selection Response

4.1.4.3.

Genotype by Environment Interaction

4.2.

Plant Reproduction Systems

4.2.1.

Sexual Reproduction

4.2.1.1.

Flower Structure and Function

4.2.1.2.

Pollination Mechanisms

4.2.1.2.1.

Self-Pollination

4.2.1.2.1.1.

4.2.1.2.1.2.

4.2.1.2.2.

Cross-Pollination

4.2.1.2.2.1.

4.2.1.2.2.2.

Wind Pollination

4.2.1.2.2.3.

Insect Pollination

4.2.1.3.

Fertilization Process

4.2.1.4.

Seed and Fruit Development

4.2.2.

Asexual Reproduction

4.2.2.1.

Vegetative Propagation

4.2.2.1.1.

Natural Methods

4.2.2.1.1.1.

4.2.2.1.1.2.

4.2.2.1.1.3.

4.2.2.1.1.4.

4.2.2.1.2.

Artificial Methods

4.2.2.1.2.1.

4.2.2.1.2.2.

4.2.2.1.2.3.

4.2.2.2.

4.2.2.2.1.

Types of Apomixis

4.2.2.2.2.

Significance in Breeding

4.3.

Plant Breeding Methods

4.3.1.

Introduction and Acclimatization

4.3.1.1.

Plant Exploration

4.3.1.2.

Germplasm Collection

4.3.1.3.

Quarantine Procedures

4.3.1.4.

Adaptation Trials

4.3.2.

Selection Methods

4.3.2.1.

4.3.2.1.1.

4.3.2.1.2.

Advantages and Limitations

4.3.2.2.

Pure Line Selection

4.3.2.2.1.

Single Plant Selection

4.3.2.2.2.

Progeny Testing

4.3.2.3.

Recurrent Selection

4.3.2.3.1.

Phenotypic Selection

4.3.2.3.2.

Genotypic Selection

4.3.3.

4.3.3.1.

Objectives of Hybridization

4.3.3.2.

Crossing Techniques

4.3.3.3.

Pedigree Method

4.3.3.3.1.

4.3.3.3.2.

4.3.3.3.3.

Selection Strategies

4.3.3.4.

4.3.3.4.1.

4.3.3.4.2.

Advantages and Limitations

4.3.3.5.

Single Seed Descent

4.3.3.6.

Backcross Method

4.3.3.6.1.

4.3.4.

4.3.4.1.

Types of Heterosis

4.3.4.2.

4.3.4.3.

Exploitation in Crop Improvement

4.3.4.3.1.

Hybrid Seed Production

4.3.4.3.2.

Three-Way Crosses

4.3.4.3.3.

4.3.5.

Mutation Breeding

4.3.5.1.

Types of Mutations

4.3.5.2.

4.3.5.2.1.

Physical Mutagens

4.3.5.2.2.

Chemical Mutagens

4.3.5.3.

Mutation Induction

4.3.5.4.

Selection of Mutants

4.3.6.

Polyploidy Breeding

4.3.6.1.

Types of Polyploids

4.3.6.2.

Induction Methods

4.3.6.3.

Applications in Crop Improvement

4.4.

Modern Plant Biotechnology

4.4.1.

Tissue Culture and Micropropagation

4.4.1.1.

Principles of Tissue Culture

4.4.1.2.

4.4.1.3.

Sterilization Techniques

4.4.1.4.

4.4.1.5.

4.4.1.6.

Cell Suspension Culture

4.4.1.7.

Protoplast Culture

4.4.1.8.

Micropropagation

4.4.1.8.1.

Stages of Micropropagation

4.4.1.9.

Somaclonal Variation

4.4.1.9.1.

4.4.2.

Molecular Markers

4.4.2.1.

Types of Molecular Markers

4.4.2.1.1.

4.4.2.1.2.

4.4.2.1.3.

4.4.2.1.4.

4.4.2.1.5.

4.4.2.2.

Marker-Assisted Selection

4.4.2.2.1.

4.4.2.2.2.

4.4.3.

Genetic Engineering

4.4.3.1.

4.4.3.2.

4.4.3.3.

Transformation Methods

4.4.3.3.1.

Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation

4.4.3.3.2.

4.4.3.3.3.

Electroporation

4.4.3.3.4.

4.4.3.4.

Transgenic Crop Traits

4.4.3.4.1.

Herbicide Tolerance

4.4.3.4.1.1.

Glyphosate Tolerance

4.4.3.4.1.2.

Glufosinate Tolerance

4.4.3.4.2.

Insect Resistance

4.4.3.4.2.1.

4.4.3.4.2.2.

Protease Inhibitors

4.4.3.4.3.

Disease Resistance

4.4.3.4.3.1.

Viral Resistance

4.4.3.4.3.2.

Fungal Resistance

4.4.3.4.3.3.

Bacterial Resistance

4.4.3.4.4.

Enhanced Nutritional Value

4.4.3.4.4.1.

4.4.3.4.4.2.

High-Lysine Corn

4.4.3.4.5.

Abiotic Stress Tolerance

4.4.3.4.5.1.

Drought Tolerance

4.4.3.4.5.2.

4.4.3.5.

Biosafety and Regulation

4.4.3.5.1.

Risk Assessment

4.4.3.5.2.

Regulatory Frameworks

4.4.3.5.3.

Public Acceptance

4.4.4.

4.4.4.1.

CRISPR-Cas9 Technology

4.4.4.1.1.

4.4.4.1.2.

4.4.4.2.

Other Genome Editing Tools

4.4.4.2.1.

4.4.4.2.2.

Zinc Finger Nucleases

4.4.4.3.

Applications in Crop Improvement

4.4.4.3.1.

4.4.4.3.2.

4.4.4.3.3.

4.4.5.

Genomics and Bioinformatics

4.4.5.1.

Genome Sequencing

4.4.5.2.

Comparative Genomics

4.4.5.3.

Functional Genomics

4.4.5.4.

Bioinformatics Tools

4.5.

Seed Science and Technology

4.5.1.

Seed Development and Maturation

4.5.1.1.

4.5.1.2.

4.5.1.3.

Maturation Drying

4.5.1.4.

Physiological Maturity

4.5.2.

4.5.2.1.

4.5.2.1.1.

Testing Methods

4.5.2.1.2.

Factors Affecting Viability

4.5.2.2.

4.5.2.2.1.

Testing Methods

4.5.2.2.2.

Importance in Field Performance

4.5.2.3.

4.5.2.3.1.

Seed-Borne Pathogens

4.5.2.3.2.

Detection Methods

4.5.3.

Seed Production

4.5.3.1.

Seed Certification

4.5.3.1.1.

Classes of Certified Seed

4.5.3.1.2.

Standards and Procedures

4.5.3.1.3.

Field Inspection

4.5.3.1.4.

4.5.3.2.

Seed Processing

4.5.3.2.1.

4.5.3.2.2.

4.5.3.2.3.

4.5.3.3.

Quality Control

4.5.3.3.1.

4.5.3.3.2.

Testing Procedures

4.5.3.3.3.

Labeling Requirements

4.5.4.

Seed Treatment and Storage

4.5.4.1.

4.5.4.1.1.

Fungicide Treatment

4.5.4.1.2.

Insecticide Treatment

4.5.4.1.3.

Coating and Pelleting

4.5.4.1.4.

4.5.4.2.

4.5.4.2.1.

Storage Conditions

4.5.4.2.1.1.

4.5.4.2.1.2.

4.5.4.2.1.3.

4.5.4.2.2.

Storage Containers

4.5.4.2.3.

Longevity Factors

4.5.4.2.4.

Deterioration Processes

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5. Crop Production and Management Systems