Crop Science and Production

  1. Crop Genetics and Improvement
    1. Principles of Genetics
      1. Mendelian Genetics
        1. Laws of Inheritance
          1. Law of Segregation
            1. Law of Independent Assortment
            2. Genetic Variation
              1. Alleles
                1. Genotype and Phenotype
                2. Dominance Relationships
                  1. Complete Dominance
                    1. Incomplete Dominance
                      1. Codominance
                    2. Extensions of Mendelian Genetics
                      1. Multiple Alleles
                        1. Epistasis
                          1. Polygenic Inheritance
                            1. Linkage and Crossing Over
                            2. Population Genetics
                              1. Gene Frequencies
                                1. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
                                  1. Factors Affecting Gene Frequencies
                                  2. Quantitative Genetics
                                    1. Heritability
                                      1. Selection Response
                                        1. Genotype by Environment Interaction
                                      2. Plant Reproduction Systems
                                        1. Sexual Reproduction
                                          1. Flower Structure and Function
                                            1. Pollination Mechanisms
                                              1. Self-Pollination
                                                1. Autogamy
                                                  1. Geitonogamy
                                                  2. Cross-Pollination
                                                    1. Allogamy
                                                      1. Wind Pollination
                                                        1. Insect Pollination
                                                      2. Fertilization Process
                                                        1. Seed and Fruit Development
                                                        2. Asexual Reproduction
                                                          1. Vegetative Propagation
                                                            1. Natural Methods
                                                              1. Runners
                                                                1. Bulbs
                                                                  1. Tubers
                                                                    1. Rhizomes
                                                                    2. Artificial Methods
                                                                      1. Cuttings
                                                                        1. Grafting
                                                                          1. Layering
                                                                        2. Apomixis
                                                                          1. Types of Apomixis
                                                                            1. Significance in Breeding
                                                                        3. Plant Breeding Methods
                                                                          1. Introduction and Acclimatization
                                                                            1. Plant Exploration
                                                                              1. Germplasm Collection
                                                                                1. Quarantine Procedures
                                                                                  1. Adaptation Trials
                                                                                  2. Selection Methods
                                                                                    1. Mass Selection
                                                                                      1. Procedure
                                                                                        1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                        2. Pure Line Selection
                                                                                          1. Single Plant Selection
                                                                                            1. Progeny Testing
                                                                                            2. Recurrent Selection
                                                                                              1. Phenotypic Selection
                                                                                                1. Genotypic Selection
                                                                                              2. Hybridization
                                                                                                1. Objectives of Hybridization
                                                                                                  1. Crossing Techniques
                                                                                                    1. Pedigree Method
                                                                                                      1. Procedure
                                                                                                        1. Record Keeping
                                                                                                          1. Selection Strategies
                                                                                                          2. Bulk Method
                                                                                                            1. Procedure
                                                                                                              1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                              2. Single Seed Descent
                                                                                                                1. Backcross Method
                                                                                                                  1. Procedure
                                                                                                                2. Heterosis
                                                                                                                  1. Types of Heterosis
                                                                                                                    1. Genetic Basis
                                                                                                                      1. Exploitation in Crop Improvement
                                                                                                                        1. Hybrid Seed Production
                                                                                                                          1. Three-Way Crosses
                                                                                                                            1. Double Crosses
                                                                                                                          2. Mutation Breeding
                                                                                                                            1. Types of Mutations
                                                                                                                              1. Mutagen Types
                                                                                                                                1. Physical Mutagens
                                                                                                                                  1. Chemical Mutagens
                                                                                                                                  2. Mutation Induction
                                                                                                                                    1. Selection of Mutants
                                                                                                                                    2. Polyploidy Breeding
                                                                                                                                      1. Types of Polyploids
                                                                                                                                        1. Induction Methods
                                                                                                                                          1. Applications in Crop Improvement
                                                                                                                                        2. Modern Plant Biotechnology
                                                                                                                                          1. Tissue Culture and Micropropagation
                                                                                                                                            1. Principles of Tissue Culture
                                                                                                                                              1. Culture Media
                                                                                                                                                1. Sterilization Techniques
                                                                                                                                                  1. Callus Culture
                                                                                                                                                    1. Organ Culture
                                                                                                                                                      1. Cell Suspension Culture
                                                                                                                                                        1. Protoplast Culture
                                                                                                                                                          1. Micropropagation
                                                                                                                                                            1. Stages of Micropropagation
                                                                                                                                                            2. Somaclonal Variation
                                                                                                                                                              1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                            3. Molecular Markers
                                                                                                                                                              1. Types of Molecular Markers
                                                                                                                                                                1. RFLP
                                                                                                                                                                  1. RAPD
                                                                                                                                                                    1. AFLP
                                                                                                                                                                      1. SSR
                                                                                                                                                                        1. SNP
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Marker-Assisted Selection
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Principles
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Genetic Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gene Cloning
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vector Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Transformation Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gene Gun
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Electroporation
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Microinjection
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Transgenic Crop Traits
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Herbicide Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Glyphosate Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Glufosinate Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Insect Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bt Crops
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Protease Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Disease Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Viral Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fungal Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bacterial Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Enhanced Nutritional Value
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Golden Rice
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. High-Lysine Corn
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Abiotic Stress Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Drought Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Salt Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Biosafety and Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Regulatory Frameworks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Public Acceptance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Genome Editing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CRISPR-Cas9 Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Other Genome Editing Tools
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. TALENs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Zinc Finger Nucleases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Applications in Crop Improvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Gene Knockout
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gene Editing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Base Editing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Genomics and Bioinformatics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Genome Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Comparative Genomics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Functional Genomics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bioinformatics Tools
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Seed Science and Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Seed Development and Maturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Embryogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Seed Filling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Maturation Drying
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Physiological Maturity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Seed Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Seed Viability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Testing Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Factors Affecting Viability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Seed Vigor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Testing Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Importance in Field Performance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Seed Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Seed-Borne Pathogens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Detection Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Seed Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Seed Certification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Classes of Certified Seed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Standards and Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Field Inspection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Seed Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Seed Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cleaning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Grading
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Quality Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sampling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Testing Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Labeling Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Seed Treatment and Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Seed Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fungicide Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Insecticide Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Coating and Pelleting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Priming
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Seed Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Storage Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Humidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Atmosphere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Storage Containers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Longevity Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Deterioration Processes

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