Clinical Microbiology

  1. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
    1. Principles of Infection Prevention
      1. Chain of Infection
        1. Infectious Agent
          1. Reservoir
            1. Portal of Exit
              1. Mode of Transmission
                1. Portal of Entry
                  1. Susceptible Host
                  2. Breaking the Chain
                    1. Source Control
                      1. Transmission Interruption
                        1. Host Protection
                      2. Healthcare-Associated Infections
                        1. Definition and Classification
                          1. Device-Associated Infections
                            1. Procedure-Associated Infections
                              1. Multidrug-Resistant Organisms
                              2. Common Types of HAIs
                                1. Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections
                                  1. Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections
                                    1. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
                                      1. Surgical Site Infections
                                        1. Clostridioides difficile Infections
                                        2. Risk Factors
                                          1. Patient Factors
                                            1. Environmental Factors
                                              1. Healthcare Practices
                                              2. Prevention Strategies
                                                1. Bundle Approaches
                                                  1. Evidence-Based Practices
                                                    1. Quality Improvement
                                                  2. Transmission-Based Precautions
                                                    1. Standard Precautions
                                                      1. Hand Hygiene
                                                        1. Personal Protective Equipment
                                                          1. Safe Injection Practices
                                                            1. Environmental Controls
                                                            2. Contact Precautions
                                                              1. Indications
                                                                1. Implementation
                                                                  1. Duration
                                                                  2. Droplet Precautions
                                                                    1. Indications
                                                                      1. Implementation
                                                                        1. Respiratory Protection
                                                                        2. Airborne Precautions
                                                                          1. Indications
                                                                            1. Negative Pressure Rooms
                                                                              1. Respiratory Protection
                                                                            2. Surveillance Systems
                                                                              1. Types of Surveillance
                                                                                1. Active Surveillance
                                                                                  1. Passive Surveillance
                                                                                    1. Targeted Surveillance
                                                                                    2. Surveillance Methods
                                                                                      1. Laboratory-Based Surveillance
                                                                                        1. Clinical Surveillance
                                                                                          1. Electronic Surveillance
                                                                                          2. Data Collection and Analysis
                                                                                            1. Case Definitions
                                                                                              1. Data Sources
                                                                                                1. Statistical Analysis
                                                                                                2. Reporting Systems
                                                                                                  1. Internal Reporting
                                                                                                    1. External Reporting
                                                                                                      1. Public Health Notification
                                                                                                    2. Outbreak Investigation and Management
                                                                                                      1. Outbreak Recognition
                                                                                                        1. Epidemic Curves
                                                                                                          1. Case Clustering
                                                                                                            1. Unusual Patterns
                                                                                                            2. Investigation Steps
                                                                                                              1. Case Definition
                                                                                                                1. Case Finding
                                                                                                                  1. Descriptive Epidemiology
                                                                                                                    1. Hypothesis Generation
                                                                                                                      1. Analytical Studies
                                                                                                                      2. Control Measures
                                                                                                                        1. Immediate Actions
                                                                                                                          1. Long-term Prevention
                                                                                                                            1. Communication
                                                                                                                            2. Laboratory Support
                                                                                                                              1. Specimen Collection
                                                                                                                                1. Rapid Testing
                                                                                                                                  1. Strain Typing
                                                                                                                                2. Molecular Epidemiology
                                                                                                                                  1. Typing Methods
                                                                                                                                    1. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                      1. Principles
                                                                                                                                        1. Limitations
                                                                                                                                        2. Multilocus Sequence Typing
                                                                                                                                          1. Principles
                                                                                                                                            1. Database Systems
                                                                                                                                            2. Whole Genome Sequencing
                                                                                                                                              1. Next-Generation Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                1. Comparative Genomics
                                                                                                                                                  1. Real-Time Analysis
                                                                                                                                                2. Applications in Outbreak Investigation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Strain Relatedness
                                                                                                                                                    1. Transmission Pathways
                                                                                                                                                      1. Source Identification
                                                                                                                                                      2. Quality Assurance
                                                                                                                                                        1. Standardization
                                                                                                                                                          1. Proficiency Testing
                                                                                                                                                            1. Data Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                          2. Antimicrobial Stewardship
                                                                                                                                                            1. Goals and Objectives
                                                                                                                                                              1. Optimize Patient Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                1. Reduce Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Minimize Adverse Effects
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Core Elements
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Leadership Commitment
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Accountability
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Drug Expertise
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Action Implementation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tracking and Reporting
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Education
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Laboratory Support
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Rapid Diagnostics
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Susceptibility Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Resistance Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Interventions
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Prospective Audit
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Preauthorization
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Guidelines and Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dose Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Environmental Microbiology
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Water Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Legionella Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Water Quality Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Biofilm Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Air Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ventilation Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Construction Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aspergillus Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Surface Contamination
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cleaning and Disinfection
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Environmental Sampling
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Contamination Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Special Populations
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Immunocompromised Patients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Protective Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Screening Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pediatric Patients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Age-Specific Risks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Prevention Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Surgical Patients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Preoperative Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Intraoperative Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Postoperative Care

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                          10. Advanced Diagnostics and Automation