Clinical Microbiology

2.

Laboratory Safety and Quality Management

2.1.

Biosafety Principles and Practices

2.1.1.

Standard Precautions

2.1.1.1.

2.1.1.1.1.

When to Perform

2.1.1.1.2.

Proper Technique

2.1.1.1.3.

Hand Sanitizers vs Soap

2.1.1.2.

Safe Handling of Specimens

2.1.1.2.1.

Primary Barriers

2.1.1.2.2.

Secondary Containment

2.1.1.3.

2.1.1.3.1.

2.1.1.3.2.

Needlestick Prevention

2.1.2.

Universal Precautions

2.1.2.1.

Blood and Body Fluid Precautions

2.1.2.2.

Application in Microbiology

2.1.3.

Biosafety Levels

2.1.3.1.

BSL-1 Requirements

2.1.3.1.1.

Organisms and Practices

2.1.3.1.2.

Facility Requirements

2.1.3.2.

BSL-2 Requirements

2.1.3.2.1.

Organisms and Practices

2.1.3.2.2.

Facility and Equipment Requirements

2.1.3.3.

BSL-3 Requirements

2.1.3.3.1.

High-Risk Organisms

2.1.3.3.2.

Specialized Facilities

2.1.3.4.

BSL-4 Requirements

2.1.3.4.1.

Maximum Containment

2.1.3.4.2.

Specialized Training

2.1.4.

Personal Protective Equipment

2.1.4.1.

2.1.4.1.1.

2.1.4.1.2.

Laboratory Coats

2.1.4.1.3.

2.1.4.1.4.

Respiratory Protection

2.1.4.2.

Selection Criteria

2.1.4.3.

Proper Use and Removal

2.1.4.4.

Disposal and Decontamination

2.1.5.

Laboratory Design and Engineering Controls

2.1.5.1.

Ventilation Systems

2.1.5.2.

Biological Safety Cabinets

2.1.5.2.1.

Class I Cabinets

2.1.5.2.2.

Class II Cabinets

2.1.5.2.3.

Class III Cabinets

2.1.5.3.

Chemical Fume Hoods

2.1.6.

Decontamination and Sterilization

2.1.6.1.

Disinfection Methods

2.1.6.1.1.

Chemical Disinfectants

2.1.6.1.2.

2.1.6.1.3.

Heat Disinfection

2.1.6.2.

Sterilization Techniques

2.1.6.2.1.

2.1.6.2.2.

Dry Heat Sterilization

2.1.6.2.3.

Gas Sterilization

2.1.6.2.4.

2.1.6.3.

Monitoring Sterilization Efficacy

2.1.6.3.1.

Biological Indicators

2.1.6.3.2.

Chemical Indicators

2.1.7.

Waste Management

2.1.7.1.

Classification of Laboratory Waste

2.1.7.1.1.

Biohazardous Waste

2.1.7.1.2.

2.1.7.1.3.

2.1.7.2.

Treatment and Disposal Methods

2.1.7.3.

Regulatory Requirements

2.2.

Quality Assurance and Quality Control

2.2.1.

Total Quality Management

2.2.1.1.

Pre-analytical Phase

2.2.1.1.1.

2.2.1.1.1.1.

Appropriate Test Selection

2.2.1.1.1.2.

Clinical Correlation

2.2.1.1.2.

Specimen Collection

2.2.1.1.2.1.

Collection Procedures

2.2.1.1.2.2.

Patient Preparation

2.2.1.1.2.3.

Timing of Collection

2.2.1.1.3.

Specimen Labeling

2.2.1.1.3.1.

Patient Identification

2.2.1.1.3.2.

2.2.1.1.3.3.

Collection Time

2.2.1.2.

Analytical Phase

2.2.1.2.1.

Test Performance

2.2.1.2.1.1.

Standard Operating Procedures

2.2.1.2.1.2.

Method Validation

2.2.1.2.2.

Instrument Maintenance

2.2.1.2.2.1.

Preventive Maintenance

2.2.1.2.2.2.

2.2.1.2.2.3.

Performance Verification

2.2.1.2.3.

Quality Control Testing

2.2.1.2.3.1.

2.2.1.2.3.2.

Control Materials

2.2.1.2.3.3.

2.2.1.3.

Post-analytical Phase

2.2.1.3.1.

Result Verification

2.2.1.3.1.1.

Critical Values

2.2.1.3.1.2.

2.2.1.3.2.

Result Reporting

2.2.1.3.2.1.

Turnaround Time

2.2.1.3.2.2.

2.2.1.3.3.

Data Management

2.2.1.3.3.1.

2.2.1.3.3.2.

2.2.2.

Specimen Management

2.2.2.1.

Specimen Collection Guidelines

2.2.2.1.1.

Collection Techniques by Specimen Type

2.2.2.1.1.1.

2.2.2.1.1.2.

Urine Specimens

2.2.2.1.1.3.

Respiratory Specimens

2.2.2.1.1.4.

Wound Specimens

2.2.2.1.1.5.

Cerebrospinal Fluid

2.2.2.1.2.

Patient Preparation

2.2.2.1.3.

Collection Timing

2.2.2.2.

Specimen Transport and Storage

2.2.2.2.1.

Transport Media

2.2.2.2.1.1.

Bacterial Transport Media

2.2.2.2.1.2.

Viral Transport Media

2.2.2.2.1.3.

Anaerobic Transport

2.2.2.2.2.

Temperature Requirements

2.2.2.2.2.1.

Room Temperature

2.2.2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.2.2.3.

2.2.2.2.3.

Time Limits for Processing

2.2.2.3.

Specimen Processing

2.2.2.3.1.

2.2.2.3.2.

Preliminary Examination

2.2.2.3.3.

Specimen Preparation

2.2.2.4.

Specimen Rejection Criteria

2.2.2.4.1.

Inadequate Volume

2.2.2.4.2.

Improper Collection

2.2.2.4.3.

2.2.2.4.4.

Delayed Transport

2.2.2.4.5.

Communication with Clinicians

2.2.3.

Quality Assessment Programs

2.2.3.1.

Internal Quality Control

2.2.3.1.1.

Control Strains

2.2.3.1.2.

2.2.3.1.3.

Corrective Actions

2.2.3.2.

External Quality Assessment

2.2.3.2.1.

Proficiency Testing Programs

2.2.3.2.2.

Performance Evaluation

2.2.3.2.3.

Corrective Actions

2.2.3.3.

Laboratory Accreditation

2.2.3.3.1.

Accreditation Bodies

2.2.3.3.2.

Standards and Requirements

2.2.3.3.3.

Inspection Process

2.2.4.

Documentation and Record Keeping

2.2.4.1.

Standard Operating Procedures

2.2.4.2.

2.2.4.3.

Training Records

2.2.4.4.

Incident Reporting

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3. Fundamental Laboratory Techniques