Clinical Microbiology

  1. Clinical Parasitology
    1. Parasite Biology and Classification
      1. Parasite Types
        1. Protozoa
          1. Single-Celled Organisms
            1. Reproduction Methods
            2. Helminths
              1. Multicellular Worms
                1. Complex Life Cycles
                2. Arthropods
                  1. Ectoparasites
                    1. Disease Vectors
                  2. Host-Parasite Relationships
                    1. Definitive Hosts
                      1. Intermediate Hosts
                        1. Reservoir Hosts
                          1. Vector-Borne Transmission
                          2. Life Cycle Patterns
                            1. Direct Life Cycles
                              1. Indirect Life Cycles
                                1. Complex Life Cycles
                              2. Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections
                                1. Specimen Collection and Processing
                                  1. Stool Specimens
                                    1. Collection Methods
                                      1. Preservatives
                                        1. Transport Requirements
                                        2. Blood Specimens
                                          1. Timing of Collection
                                            1. Anticoagulants
                                            2. Urine Specimens
                                              1. Tissue Specimens
                                                1. Other Body Fluids
                                                2. Macroscopic Examination
                                                  1. Gross Examination
                                                    1. Adult Worms
                                                      1. Proglottids
                                                        1. Larvae
                                                        2. Measurement and Photography
                                                        3. Microscopic Examination
                                                          1. Direct Wet Mounts
                                                            1. Saline Preparations
                                                              1. Iodine Preparations
                                                              2. Concentration Techniques
                                                                1. Formalin-Ethyl Acetate
                                                                  1. Zinc Sulfate Flotation
                                                                    1. Sheather's Sugar Flotation
                                                                    2. Permanent Stained Smears
                                                                      1. Trichrome Stain
                                                                        1. Iron Hematoxylin Stain
                                                                          1. Modified Acid-Fast Stain
                                                                          2. Blood Smear Examination
                                                                            1. Thick Blood Smears
                                                                              1. Thin Blood Smears
                                                                                1. Staining Methods
                                                                              2. Immunodiagnostic Methods
                                                                                1. Antigen Detection
                                                                                  1. Enzyme Immunoassays
                                                                                    1. Rapid Tests
                                                                                    2. Antibody Detection
                                                                                      1. Serological Tests
                                                                                        1. Cross-Reactivity Issues
                                                                                      2. Molecular Methods
                                                                                        1. PCR-Based Detection
                                                                                          1. DNA Sequencing
                                                                                            1. Real-Time PCR
                                                                                          2. Intestinal Protozoa
                                                                                            1. Flagellates
                                                                                              1. Giardia duodenalis
                                                                                                1. Morphology
                                                                                                  1. Trophozoite
                                                                                                    1. Cyst
                                                                                                    2. Life Cycle
                                                                                                      1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                        1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                        2. Dientamoeba fragilis
                                                                                                          1. Morphology
                                                                                                            1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                            2. Trichomonas hominis
                                                                                                            3. Amoebae
                                                                                                              1. Entamoeba histolytica
                                                                                                                1. Morphology
                                                                                                                  1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                    1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                        1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                        2. Entamoeba dispar
                                                                                                                          1. Morphological Similarity
                                                                                                                            1. Non-Pathogenic Nature
                                                                                                                            2. Entamoeba coli
                                                                                                                              1. Commensal Amoeba
                                                                                                                                1. Morphological Features
                                                                                                                                2. Other Intestinal Amoebae
                                                                                                                                  1. Entamoeba hartmanni
                                                                                                                                    1. Endolimax nana
                                                                                                                                      1. Iodamoeba butschlii
                                                                                                                                    2. Coccidian Parasites
                                                                                                                                      1. Cryptosporidium Species
                                                                                                                                        1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                          1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                            1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                              1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                              2. Cyclospora cayetanensis
                                                                                                                                                1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                    1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                    2. Isospora belli
                                                                                                                                                      1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                                        1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                      2. Microsporidia
                                                                                                                                                        1. General Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                          1. Species of Medical Importance
                                                                                                                                                            1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                          2. Blood and Tissue Protozoa
                                                                                                                                                            1. Malaria Parasites
                                                                                                                                                              1. Plasmodium Species
                                                                                                                                                                1. Plasmodium falciparum
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Plasmodium vivax
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Plasmodium ovale
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Plasmodium malariae
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Plasmodium knowlesi
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mosquito Vector
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Human Host Stages
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Liver Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Blood Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Uncomplicated Malaria
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Severe Malaria
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Complications
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Blood Smear Examination
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rapid Diagnostic Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Molecular Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Trypanosomes
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. African Trypanosomiasis
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vector and Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. American Trypanosomiasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Trypanosoma cruzi
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vector and Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Leishmania Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Visceral Leishmaniasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vector and Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Toxoplasma gondii
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Congenital Toxoplasmosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Immunocompromised Patients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Babesia Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Vector-Borne Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Helminths
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nematodes (Roundworms)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Intestinal Nematodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ascaris lumbricoides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Trichuris trichiura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Enterobius vermicularis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Hookworms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ancylostoma duodenale
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Necator americanus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Strongyloides stercoralis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Tissue Nematodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Trichinella spiralis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Filarial Worms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wuchereria bancrofti
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Brugia malayi
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Onchocerca volvulus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Loa loa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Dracunculus medinensis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Cestodes (Tapeworms)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Intestinal Cestodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Taenia saginata
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Taenia solium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cysticercosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Diphyllobothrium latum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Hymenolepis nana
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hymenolepis diminuta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Tissue Cestodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Echinococcus granulosus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hydatid Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Echinococcus multilocularis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Trematodes (Flukes)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Blood Flukes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Schistosoma Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Schistosoma mansoni
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Schistosoma haematobium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Schistosoma japonicum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Liver Flukes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fasciola hepatica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Clonorchis sinensis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Opisthorchis Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Lung Flukes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Paragonimus westermani
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Intestinal Flukes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fasciolopsis buski
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Arthropod Parasites and Vectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ectoparasites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pediculus humanus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Phthirus pubis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Mites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sarcoptes scabiei
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Demodex Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Fleas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Disease Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Bedbugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cimex lectularius
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Disease Vectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mosquitoes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anopheles Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aedes Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Culex Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Disease Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ticks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hard Ticks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Soft Ticks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Disease Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Flies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tsetse Flies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sandflies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Blackflies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Geographic Distribution and Epidemiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tropical Parasites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Endemic Regions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Climate Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Travel-Associated Infections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pre-Travel Counseling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Post-Travel Screening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Immigrant and Refugee Screening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Common Parasites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Screening Protocols

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              9. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology