Clinical Microbiology

4.

Clinical Bacteriology

4.1.

Bacterial Cell Structure and Function

4.1.1.

4.1.1.1.

Cell Wall Structure

4.1.1.1.1.

Peptidoglycan Composition

4.1.1.1.2.

Gram-Positive Cell Wall

4.1.1.1.2.1.

Thick Peptidoglycan Layer

4.1.1.1.2.2.

4.1.1.1.2.3.

Lipoteichoic Acids

4.1.1.1.3.

Gram-Negative Cell Wall

4.1.1.1.3.1.

Thin Peptidoglycan Layer

4.1.1.1.3.2.

4.1.1.1.3.3.

Lipopolysaccharide

4.1.1.1.3.4.

4.1.1.1.4.

Acid-Fast Cell Wall

4.1.1.1.4.1.

4.1.1.1.4.2.

4.1.1.2.

4.1.1.2.1.

Phospholipid Bilayer

4.1.1.2.2.

Membrane Proteins

4.1.1.2.3.

Transport Functions

4.1.2.

External Structures

4.1.2.1.

Flagella and Motility

4.1.2.1.1.

Flagellar Structure

4.1.2.1.2.

Types of Motility

4.1.2.1.3.

4.1.2.2.

Pili and Fimbriae

4.1.2.2.1.

4.1.2.2.2.

4.1.2.2.3.

Adhesion Functions

4.1.2.3.

Capsules and Slime Layers

4.1.2.3.1.

Polysaccharide Capsules

4.1.2.3.2.

Protein Capsules

4.1.2.3.3.

Virulence Functions

4.1.3.

Internal Structures

4.1.3.1.

Cytoplasm and Ribosomes

4.1.3.2.

Nucleoid and Chromosome

4.1.3.3.

4.1.3.4.

Inclusion Bodies

4.1.3.5.

4.1.3.5.1.

Spore Structure

4.1.3.5.2.

Sporulation Process

4.1.3.5.3.

Spore Resistance

4.2.

Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism

4.2.1.

Nutritional Requirements

4.2.1.1.

4.2.1.2.

4.2.1.3.

4.2.2.

Energy Metabolism

4.2.2.1.

Aerobic Respiration

4.2.2.2.

Anaerobic Respiration

4.2.2.3.

4.2.3.

Oxygen Requirements

4.2.3.1.

Obligate Aerobes

4.2.3.2.

Obligate Anaerobes

4.2.3.3.

Facultative Anaerobes

4.2.3.4.

Microaerophiles

4.2.3.5.

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

4.2.4.

Growth Characteristics

4.2.4.1.

4.2.4.1.1.

4.2.4.1.2.

Exponential Phase

4.2.4.1.3.

Stationary Phase

4.2.4.1.4.

4.2.4.2.

Growth Rate Measurement

4.2.4.3.

Environmental Factors Affecting Growth

4.2.4.3.1.

4.2.4.3.2.

4.2.4.3.3.

4.3.

Bacterial Genetics

4.3.1.

Chromosome Structure

4.3.1.1.

4.3.1.2.

Gene Organization

4.3.2.

4.3.2.1.

Types of Plasmids

4.3.2.2.

Plasmid Functions

4.3.2.3.

Clinical Significance

4.3.3.

Gene Expression and Regulation

4.3.3.1.

4.3.3.2.

4.3.3.3.

Regulatory Mechanisms

4.3.4.

Genetic Variation

4.3.4.1.

4.3.4.1.1.

Point Mutations

4.3.4.1.2.

Chromosomal Rearrangements

4.3.4.2.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

4.3.4.2.1.

4.3.4.2.2.

4.3.4.2.3.

4.3.4.3.

Mobile Genetic Elements

4.3.4.3.1.

4.3.4.3.2.

4.3.4.3.3.

Insertion Sequences

4.4.

Bacterial Identification Methods

4.4.1.

Phenotypic Identification

4.4.1.1.

Colony Morphology

4.4.1.1.1.

4.4.1.1.2.

Color and Pigmentation

4.4.1.1.3.

Texture and Consistency

4.4.1.1.4.

Hemolysis Patterns

4.4.1.2.

Microscopic Morphology

4.4.1.2.1.

Cell Shape and Arrangement

4.4.1.2.2.

Staining Characteristics

4.4.1.2.3.

4.4.1.3.

Biochemical Testing

4.4.1.3.1.

Carbohydrate Utilization

4.4.1.3.1.1.

Fermentation Tests

4.4.1.3.1.2.

Oxidation Tests

4.4.1.3.2.

Enzyme Detection

4.4.1.3.2.1.

4.4.1.3.2.2.

4.4.1.3.2.3.

4.4.1.3.2.4.

4.4.1.3.2.5.

Beta-Lactamase Test

4.4.1.3.3.

Metabolic Tests

4.4.1.3.3.1.

Citrate Utilization

4.4.1.3.3.2.

Indole Production

4.4.1.3.3.3.

Hydrogen Sulfide Production

4.4.1.4.

Serological Methods

4.4.1.4.1.

Agglutination Tests

4.4.1.4.2.

Precipitin Tests

4.4.1.4.3.

Immunofluorescence

4.4.2.

Genotypic Identification

4.4.2.1.

DNA Hybridization

4.4.2.2.

PCR-Based Methods

4.4.2.2.1.

16S rRNA Sequencing

4.4.2.2.2.

Species-Specific PCR

4.4.2.3.

4.4.2.4.

Whole Genome Sequencing

4.4.3.

Automated Identification Systems

4.4.3.1.

Biochemical Panels

4.4.3.2.

Mass Spectrometry

4.4.3.2.1.

MALDI-TOF MS Principles

4.4.3.2.2.

Protein Fingerprinting

4.4.3.2.3.

Database Matching

4.5.

Gram-Positive Cocci

4.5.1.

Staphylococcus Species

4.5.1.1.

General Characteristics

4.5.1.1.1.

Catalase Positive

4.5.1.1.2.

Grape-like Clusters

4.5.1.1.3.

4.5.1.2.

Staphylococcus aureus

4.5.1.2.1.

Identification Methods

4.5.1.2.1.1.

4.5.1.2.1.2.

4.5.1.2.1.3.

Mannitol Fermentation

4.5.1.2.2.

Virulence Factors

4.5.1.2.2.1.

Surface Proteins

4.5.1.2.2.2.

4.5.1.2.2.3.

4.5.1.2.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.5.1.2.3.1.

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

4.5.1.2.3.2.

4.5.1.2.3.3.

4.5.1.2.3.4.

4.5.1.2.4.

Antimicrobial Resistance

4.5.1.2.4.1.

Methicillin Resistance

4.5.1.2.4.2.

Vancomycin Resistance

4.5.1.3.

Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci

4.5.1.3.1.

Staphylococcus epidermidis

4.5.1.3.2.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

4.5.1.3.3.

Clinical Significance

4.5.1.3.4.

Biofilm Formation

4.5.2.

Streptococcus Species

4.5.2.1.

General Characteristics

4.5.2.1.1.

Catalase Negative

4.5.2.1.2.

Chain Formation

4.5.2.1.3.

Hemolysis Patterns

4.5.2.2.

Classification Systems

4.5.2.2.1.

Lancefield Grouping

4.5.2.2.2.

Hemolytic Patterns

4.5.2.2.3.

Biochemical Properties

4.5.2.3.

Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci

4.5.2.3.1.

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)

4.5.2.3.1.1.

Identification Methods

4.5.2.3.1.2.

Virulence Factors

4.5.2.3.1.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.5.2.3.1.4.

Post-Infectious Sequelae

4.5.2.3.2.

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B)

4.5.2.3.2.1.

Identification Methods

4.5.2.3.2.2.

Clinical Significance

4.5.2.3.2.3.

Neonatal Infections

4.5.2.3.3.

Groups C and G Streptococci

4.5.2.4.

Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococci

4.5.2.4.1.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

4.5.2.4.1.1.

Identification Methods

4.5.2.4.1.1.1.

Optochin Sensitivity

4.5.2.4.1.1.2.

Bile Solubility

4.5.2.4.1.1.3.

Quellung Reaction

4.5.2.4.1.2.

Virulence Factors

4.5.2.4.1.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.5.2.4.1.4.

Serotypes and Vaccines

4.5.2.4.2.

Viridans Group Streptococci

4.5.2.4.2.1.

Species Identification

4.5.2.4.2.2.

Clinical Significance

4.5.2.4.2.3.

Endocarditis Risk

4.5.2.5.

Gamma-Hemolytic Streptococci

4.5.2.5.1.

Enterococcus Species

4.5.2.5.1.1.

Enterococcus faecalis

4.5.2.5.1.2.

Enterococcus faecium

4.5.2.5.1.3.

Identification Methods

4.5.2.5.1.4.

Antimicrobial Resistance

4.5.2.5.1.5.

Clinical Significance

4.5.3.

Other Gram-Positive Cocci

4.5.3.1.

Micrococcus Species

4.5.3.2.

Aerococcus Species

4.6.

Gram-Negative Cocci

4.6.1.

Neisseria Species

4.6.1.1.

General Characteristics

4.6.1.1.1.

Oxidase Positive

4.6.1.1.2.

4.6.1.1.3.

Fastidious Growth Requirements

4.6.1.2.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

4.6.1.2.1.

Identification Methods

4.6.1.2.2.

Virulence Factors

4.6.1.2.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.6.1.2.4.

Antimicrobial Resistance

4.6.1.2.5.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.6.1.3.

Neisseria meningitidis

4.6.1.3.1.

Identification Methods

4.6.1.3.2.

4.6.1.3.3.

Virulence Factors

4.6.1.3.4.

Clinical Manifestations

4.6.1.3.5.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.6.1.4.

Commensal Neisseria

4.6.2.

Moraxella catarrhalis

4.6.2.1.

Identification Methods

4.6.2.2.

Clinical Significance

4.6.2.3.

Beta-Lactamase Production

4.6.3.

Other Gram-Negative Cocci

4.6.3.1.

Acinetobacter Species

4.6.3.2.

Veillonella Species

4.7.

Gram-Positive Bacilli

4.7.1.

Spore-Forming Bacilli

4.7.1.1.

Bacillus Species

4.7.1.1.1.

General Characteristics

4.7.1.1.2.

Bacillus anthracis

4.7.1.1.2.1.

Identification Methods

4.7.1.1.2.2.

Virulence Factors

4.7.1.1.2.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.7.1.1.2.4.

Laboratory Safety

4.7.1.1.3.

Bacillus cereus

4.7.1.1.3.1.

Food Poisoning Syndromes

4.7.1.1.3.2.

Laboratory Identification

4.7.1.1.4.

Other Bacillus Species

4.7.1.2.

Clostridium Species

4.7.1.2.1.

General Characteristics

4.7.1.2.1.1.

Anaerobic Growth

4.7.1.2.1.2.

Spore Formation

4.7.1.2.2.

Clostridium perfringens

4.7.1.2.2.1.

Identification Methods

4.7.1.2.2.2.

Toxin Production

4.7.1.2.2.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.7.1.2.3.

Clostridium tetani

4.7.1.2.3.1.

Identification Methods

4.7.1.2.3.2.

4.7.1.2.3.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.7.1.2.4.

Clostridium botulinum

4.7.1.2.4.1.

Identification Methods

4.7.1.2.4.2.

Botulinum Toxin

4.7.1.2.4.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.7.1.2.5.

Clostridioides difficile

4.7.1.2.5.1.

Identification Methods

4.7.1.2.5.2.

Toxin Detection

4.7.1.2.5.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.7.1.2.5.4.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.7.2.

Non-Spore-Forming Bacilli

4.7.2.1.

Corynebacterium Species

4.7.2.1.1.

General Characteristics

4.7.2.1.2.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

4.7.2.1.2.1.

Identification Methods

4.7.2.1.2.2.

Toxin Production

4.7.2.1.2.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.7.2.1.3.

4.7.2.1.3.1.

Clinical Significance

4.7.2.1.3.2.

Contamination vs Infection

4.7.2.2.

Listeria monocytogenes

4.7.2.2.1.

Identification Methods

4.7.2.2.2.

Virulence Factors

4.7.2.2.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.7.2.2.4.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.7.2.3.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

4.7.2.4.

Gardnerella vaginalis

4.7.2.4.1.

Clinical Significance

4.7.2.4.2.

Bacterial Vaginosis

4.7.2.5.

Lactobacillus Species

4.7.2.5.1.

4.7.2.5.2.

Clinical Significance

4.8.

Enterobacteriaceae

4.8.1.

General Characteristics

4.8.1.1.

Gram-Negative Bacilli

4.8.1.2.

Oxidase Negative

4.8.1.3.

Glucose Fermentation

4.8.1.4.

Nitrate Reduction

4.8.2.

Identification Methods

4.8.2.1.

Biochemical Testing

4.8.2.2.

4.8.2.3.

Molecular Methods

4.8.3.

Escherichia coli

4.8.3.1.

General Characteristics

4.8.3.2.

Pathogenic E. coli

4.8.3.2.1.

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

4.8.3.2.2.

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

4.8.3.2.3.

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

4.8.3.2.4.

Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)

4.8.3.2.5.

Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)

4.8.3.2.6.

Diffusely Adherent E. coli (DAEC)

4.8.3.3.

Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli

4.8.3.4.

Laboratory Identification

4.8.4.

Klebsiella Species

4.8.4.1.

Klebsiella pneumoniae

4.8.4.2.

Klebsiella oxytoca

4.8.4.3.

Identification Methods

4.8.4.4.

Clinical Significance

4.8.4.5.

Antimicrobial Resistance

4.8.5.

Enterobacter Species

4.8.5.1.

Species Identification

4.8.5.2.

Clinical Significance

4.8.5.3.

AmpC Beta-Lactamase

4.8.6.

Serratia Species

4.8.6.1.

Serratia marcescens

4.8.6.2.

Pigment Production

4.8.6.3.

Clinical Significance

4.8.7.

Proteus Species

4.8.7.1.

Proteus mirabilis

4.8.7.2.

Proteus vulgaris

4.8.7.3.

Swarming Motility

4.8.7.4.

Urease Production

4.8.8.

Morganella morganii

4.8.9.

Providencia Species

4.8.10.

Citrobacter Species

4.8.11.

Salmonella Species

4.8.11.1.

4.8.11.1.1.

Typhoidal Salmonella

4.8.11.1.2.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella

4.8.11.2.

Identification Methods

4.8.11.3.

4.8.11.4.

Clinical Manifestations

4.8.12.

Shigella Species

4.8.12.1.

Species and Serogroups

4.8.12.2.

Identification Methods

4.8.12.3.

4.8.12.4.

Clinical Manifestations

4.8.13.

Yersinia Species

4.8.13.1.

Yersinia pestis

4.8.13.1.1.

Identification Methods

4.8.13.1.2.

Clinical Manifestations

4.8.13.1.3.

Laboratory Safety

4.8.13.2.

Yersinia enterocolitica

4.8.13.3.

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

4.9.

Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli

4.9.1.

General Characteristics

4.9.1.1.

Glucose Non-Fermentation

4.9.1.2.

Oxidase Variable

4.9.1.3.

Environmental Distribution

4.9.2.

Pseudomonas Species

4.9.2.1.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

4.9.2.1.1.

Identification Methods

4.9.2.1.2.

Virulence Factors

4.9.2.1.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.9.2.1.4.

Antimicrobial Resistance

4.9.2.2.

Other Pseudomonas Species

4.9.3.

Acinetobacter Species

4.9.3.1.

Acinetobacter baumannii Complex

4.9.3.2.

Identification Methods

4.9.3.3.

Clinical Significance

4.9.3.4.

Antimicrobial Resistance

4.9.4.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

4.9.4.1.

Identification Methods

4.9.4.2.

Clinical Significance

4.9.4.3.

Antimicrobial Resistance

4.9.5.

Burkholderia Species

4.9.5.1.

Burkholderia cepacia Complex

4.9.5.2.

Burkholderia pseudomallei

4.9.5.3.

Clinical Significance

4.9.6.

Alcaligenes Species

4.9.7.

Chryseobacterium Species

4.10.

Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

4.10.1.

Haemophilus Species

4.10.1.1.

General Characteristics

4.10.1.1.1.

X and V Factor Requirements

4.10.1.2.

Haemophilus influenzae

4.10.1.2.1.

Identification Methods

4.10.1.2.2.

4.10.1.2.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.10.1.2.4.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.10.1.3.

Haemophilus parainfluenzae

4.10.1.4.

Other Haemophilus Species

4.10.2.

Bordetella Species

4.10.2.1.

Bordetella pertussis

4.10.2.1.1.

Identification Methods

4.10.2.1.2.

Clinical Manifestations

4.10.2.1.3.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.10.2.2.

Bordetella parapertussis

4.10.2.3.

Bordetella bronchiseptica

4.10.3.

Legionella Species

4.10.3.1.

Legionella pneumophila

4.10.3.1.1.

Identification Methods

4.10.3.1.2.

Environmental Sources

4.10.3.1.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.10.3.1.4.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.10.3.2.

Other Legionella Species

4.10.4.

Pasteurella Species

4.10.4.1.

Pasteurella multocida

4.10.4.1.1.

Identification Methods

4.10.4.1.2.

4.10.4.1.3.

Clinical Manifestations

4.10.4.2.

Other Pasteurella Species

4.10.5.

Francisella tularensis

4.10.5.1.

Identification Methods

4.10.5.2.

Clinical Manifestations

4.10.5.3.

Laboratory Safety

4.10.6.

Brucella Species

4.10.6.1.

Identification Methods

4.10.6.2.

Clinical Manifestations

4.10.6.3.

Laboratory Safety

4.11.

Anaerobic Bacteriology

4.11.1.

General Principles

4.11.1.1.

Oxygen Sensitivity

4.11.1.2.

Specimen Collection Requirements

4.11.1.3.

Transport Considerations

4.11.2.

Laboratory Methods

4.11.2.1.

Anaerobic Culture Systems

4.11.2.1.1.

4.11.2.1.2.

Anaerobic Chambers

4.11.2.1.3.

4.11.2.2.

4.11.2.2.1.

4.11.2.2.2.

Selective Media

4.11.2.3.

Identification Methods

4.11.2.3.1.

Colony Morphology

4.11.2.3.2.

4.11.2.3.3.

Biochemical Tests

4.11.2.3.4.

Gas Chromatography

4.11.3.

Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci

4.11.3.1.

Peptostreptococcus Species

4.11.3.2.

Finegoldia magna

4.11.4.

Gram-Negative Anaerobic Cocci

4.11.4.1.

Veillonella Species

4.11.5.

Gram-Positive Anaerobic Bacilli

4.11.5.1.

Clostridium Species

4.11.5.2.

Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium) acnes

4.11.5.3.

Actinomyces Species

4.11.5.4.

Bifidobacterium Species

4.11.6.

Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacilli

4.11.6.1.

Bacteroides fragilis Group

4.11.6.1.1.

Identification Methods

4.11.6.1.2.

Clinical Significance

4.11.6.1.3.

Antimicrobial Resistance

4.11.6.2.

Prevotella Species

4.11.6.3.

Porphyromonas Species

4.11.6.4.

Fusobacterium Species

4.11.7.

Clinical Significance

4.11.7.1.

Normal Flora Disruption

4.11.7.2.

Polymicrobial Infections

4.11.7.3.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility

4.12.

Mycobacteriology

4.12.1.

General Characteristics

4.12.1.1.

Acid-Fast Cell Wall

4.12.1.2.

Slow Growth Rate

4.12.1.3.

Environmental Resistance

4.12.2.

Laboratory Methods

4.12.2.1.

Specimen Processing

4.12.2.1.1.

Decontamination

4.12.2.1.2.

4.12.2.2.

Staining Methods

4.12.2.2.1.

Ziehl-Neelsen Stain

4.12.2.2.2.

4.12.2.2.3.

Auramine-Rhodamine Stain

4.12.2.3.

Culture Methods

4.12.2.3.1.

4.12.2.3.1.1.

Lowenstein-Jensen Medium

4.12.2.3.1.2.

Middlebrook Agar

4.12.2.3.2.

4.12.2.3.2.1.

4.12.2.3.2.2.

4.12.2.4.

Identification Methods

4.12.2.4.1.

Biochemical Tests

4.12.2.4.2.

Molecular Methods

4.12.2.4.3.

Mass Spectrometry

4.12.3.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

4.12.3.1.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

4.12.3.2.

Mycobacterium bovis

4.12.3.3.

Mycobacterium africanum

4.12.3.4.

4.12.3.5.

Clinical Manifestations

4.12.3.6.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.12.3.7.

Drug Susceptibility Testing

4.12.4.

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

4.12.4.1.

Slowly Growing NTM

4.12.4.1.1.

Mycobacterium avium Complex

4.12.4.1.2.

Mycobacterium kansasii

4.12.4.1.3.

Mycobacterium marinum

4.12.4.2.

Rapidly Growing NTM

4.12.4.2.1.

Mycobacterium fortuitum Group

4.12.4.2.2.

Mycobacterium chelonae

4.12.4.2.3.

Mycobacterium abscessus

4.12.4.3.

Clinical Significance

4.12.4.4.

Laboratory Identification

4.13.

4.13.1.

General Characteristics

4.13.1.1.

Spiral Morphology

4.13.1.2.

4.13.1.3.

Fastidious Growth Requirements

4.13.2.

Treponema Species

4.13.2.1.

Treponema pallidum

4.13.2.1.1.

4.13.2.1.2.

Clinical Manifestations

4.13.2.1.3.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.13.2.1.3.1.

Direct Detection

4.13.2.1.3.2.

Serological Tests

4.13.2.2.

Other Treponema Species

4.13.3.

Borrelia Species

4.13.3.1.

Borrelia burgdorferi

4.13.3.1.1.

4.13.3.1.2.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.13.3.2.

Borrelia recurrentis

4.13.3.2.1.

Relapsing Fever

4.13.4.

Leptospira Species

4.13.4.1.

4.13.4.2.

Clinical Manifestations

4.13.4.3.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.14.

Cell Wall-Deficient Bacteria

4.14.1.

Mycoplasma Species

4.14.1.1.

General Characteristics

4.14.1.1.1.

Lack of Cell Wall

4.14.1.1.2.

4.14.1.1.3.

Pleomorphic Morphology

4.14.1.2.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

4.14.1.2.1.

Clinical Manifestations

4.14.1.2.2.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.14.1.3.

Mycoplasma hominis

4.14.1.4.

Ureaplasma Species

4.14.2.

4.14.2.1.

Formation and Characteristics

4.14.2.2.

Clinical Significance

4.15.

Obligate Intracellular Bacteria

4.15.1.

Chlamydia Species

4.15.1.1.

General Characteristics

4.15.1.1.1.

Obligate Intracellular Lifestyle

4.15.1.1.2.

Developmental Cycle

4.15.1.2.

Chlamydia trachomatis

4.15.1.2.1.

Serovars and Clinical Manifestations

4.15.1.2.2.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.15.1.3.

Chlamydia pneumoniae

4.15.1.4.

Chlamydia psittaci

4.15.2.

Rickettsia Species

4.15.2.1.

General Characteristics

4.15.2.1.1.

Vector-Borne Transmission

4.15.2.1.2.

Intracellular Growth

4.15.2.2.

Rickettsia rickettsii

4.15.2.2.1.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

4.15.2.2.2.

Laboratory Diagnosis

4.15.2.3.

Other Rickettsia Species

4.15.3.

Coxiella burnetii

4.15.3.1.

4.15.3.2.

Laboratory Diagnosis

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3. Fundamental Laboratory Techniques

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5. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing