Climatology

  1. Climate Modeling and Projections
    1. Principles of Climate Modeling
      1. Physical Laws and Parameterization
        1. Conservation of Energy, Mass, and Momentum
          1. Thermodynamic Equations
            1. Parameterization of Sub-grid Processes
            2. Grid Systems and Resolution
              1. Horizontal and Vertical Grids
                1. Spatial and Temporal Resolution
                  1. Computational Constraints
                  2. Numerical Methods
                    1. Finite Difference Methods
                      1. Spectral Methods
                        1. Time Stepping Schemes
                      2. Types of Climate Models
                        1. Energy Balance Models (EBMs)
                          1. Zero-Dimensional Models
                            1. One-Dimensional Models
                              1. Radiative-Convective Models
                              2. General Circulation Models (GCMs)
                                1. Atmospheric GCMs
                                  1. Primitive Equations
                                    1. Atmospheric Physics
                                    2. Oceanic GCMs
                                      1. Ocean Dynamics
                                        1. Thermohaline Circulation
                                        2. Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Models
                                        3. Earth System Models (ESMs)
                                          1. Coupled Components
                                            1. Atmosphere-Ocean-Land-Ice
                                            2. Biogeochemical Cycles
                                              1. Carbon Cycle
                                                1. Nitrogen Cycle
                                                2. Dynamic Vegetation
                                                3. Regional Climate Models (RCMs)
                                                  1. Downscaling Techniques
                                                    1. Dynamical Downscaling
                                                      1. Statistical Downscaling
                                                      2. High-Resolution Applications
                                                    2. Model Validation and Evaluation
                                                      1. Hindcasting and Comparison with Observations
                                                        1. Historical Simulations
                                                          1. Model Performance Metrics
                                                          2. Model Intercomparison Projects (CMIP)
                                                            1. CMIP5
                                                              1. Representative Concentration Pathways
                                                              2. CMIP6
                                                                1. Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
                                                                2. Model Ensemble Analysis
                                                                3. Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis
                                                                  1. Parameter Uncertainty
                                                                    1. Structural Uncertainty
                                                                      1. Ensemble Methods
                                                                    2. Future Climate Projections
                                                                      1. Emission Scenarios
                                                                        1. Historical Scenarios
                                                                          1. Future Scenarios
                                                                            1. Baseline Scenarios
                                                                              1. Mitigation Scenarios
                                                                            2. Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)
                                                                              1. RCP2.6
                                                                                1. Strong Mitigation
                                                                                2. RCP4.5
                                                                                  1. Moderate Mitigation
                                                                                  2. RCP6.0
                                                                                    1. Limited Mitigation
                                                                                    2. RCP8.5
                                                                                      1. High Emissions
                                                                                    3. Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs)
                                                                                      1. SSP1
                                                                                        1. Sustainability
                                                                                        2. SSP2
                                                                                          1. Middle of the Road
                                                                                          2. SSP3
                                                                                            1. Regional Rivalry
                                                                                            2. SSP4
                                                                                              1. Inequality
                                                                                              2. SSP5
                                                                                                1. Fossil-fueled Development
                                                                                              3. Uncertainty in Projections
                                                                                                1. Model Uncertainty
                                                                                                  1. Structural Differences
                                                                                                    1. Parameter Variations
                                                                                                    2. Scenario Uncertainty
                                                                                                      1. Emission Pathways
                                                                                                        1. Socioeconomic Assumptions
                                                                                                        2. Internal Variability
                                                                                                          1. Natural Climate Fluctuations
                                                                                                        3. Regional Climate Projections
                                                                                                          1. Temperature Changes
                                                                                                            1. Precipitation Changes
                                                                                                              1. Extreme Event Changes

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                                                                                                          6. Climate Change

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                                                                                                          8. Impacts and Applications of Climatology