Climatology

  1. Climate Variability
    1. Natural Modes of Climate Variability
      1. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
        1. El Niño
          1. Oceanic and Atmospheric Changes
            1. Global Impacts
              1. Teleconnections
              2. La Niña
                1. Oceanic and Atmospheric Changes
                  1. Global Impacts
                    1. Opposite Phase Effects
                    2. Neutral Conditions
                      1. Normal Patterns
                        1. Transition Periods
                        2. ENSO Cycle Characteristics
                          1. Frequency and Duration
                            1. Predictability
                          2. Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
                            1. Phases and Impacts
                              1. North Pacific Climate Effects
                                1. Interaction with ENSO
                                2. North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
                                  1. Positive and Negative Phases
                                    1. European Climate Effects
                                      1. Winter Weather Patterns
                                      2. Arctic Oscillation (AO)
                                        1. Influence on Northern Hemisphere Climate
                                          1. Polar Vortex Connections
                                            1. Temperature and Precipitation Impacts
                                            2. Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)
                                              1. Intra-seasonal Variability
                                                1. Tropical Convection Patterns
                                                  1. Impact on Monsoons and Cyclones
                                                  2. Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO)
                                                    1. Sea Surface Temperature Patterns
                                                      1. Hurricane Activity Connections
                                                      2. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
                                                        1. Positive and Negative Phases
                                                          1. Regional Climate Impacts
                                                        2. External Forcings
                                                          1. Volcanic Eruptions and Aerosols
                                                            1. Short-Term Cooling Effects
                                                              1. Stratospheric Aerosol Injection
                                                                1. Historical Volcanic Impacts
                                                                2. Solar Cycles and Sunspots
                                                                  1. 11-Year Solar Cycle
                                                                    1. Longer-Term Solar Variations
                                                                  2. Internal Climate Variability
                                                                    1. Chaotic Nature of Climate System
                                                                      1. Unpredictable Fluctuations
                                                                        1. Statistical Properties

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                                                                      4. Climate Classification

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                                                                      6. Climate Change