Cartography

9.

Map Design and Composition

9.1.

Principles of Visual Hierarchy

9.1.1.

Emphasis and Focus

9.1.1.1.

Primary Elements

9.1.1.2.

Secondary Elements

9.1.2.

Layering of Information

9.1.2.1.

Information Ordering

9.1.2.2.

9.1.3.

Contrast and Similarity

9.1.3.1.

Visual Grouping

9.1.3.2.

Differentiation Techniques

9.2.

Map Layout and Elements

9.2.1.

Map Body (Main Content)

9.2.1.1.

Primary Map Area

9.2.1.2.

Content Organization

9.2.2.

9.2.2.1.

Descriptive Titles

9.2.2.2.

Title Placement

9.2.2.3.

Typography Considerations

9.2.3.

9.2.3.1.

Symbol Explanation

9.2.3.2.

Legend Organization

9.2.3.3.

Legend Placement

9.2.4.

9.2.4.1.

Scale Representation

9.2.4.2.

9.2.5.

North Arrow (Orientation)

9.2.5.1.

Directional Indicators

9.2.5.2.

Magnetic Declination

9.2.6.

9.2.6.1.

9.2.6.2.

9.2.6.3.

9.2.7.

Data Source and Credits

9.2.7.1.

Attribution Requirements

9.2.7.2.

Copyright Information

9.2.8.

Graticule or Grid

9.2.8.1.

Coordinate Display

9.2.8.2.

Reference Systems

9.2.9.

Margins and Borders

9.2.9.1.

White Space Management

9.2.9.2.

Boundary Definition

9.3.

Balance and Layout Strategies

9.3.1.

Symmetry and Asymmetry

9.3.1.1.

9.3.1.2.

Informal Balance

9.3.2.

White Space Management

9.3.2.1.

9.3.2.2.

Visual Rest Areas

9.3.3.

Alignment and Proportion

9.3.3.1.

9.3.3.2.

9.3.3.3.

9.4.

Figure-Ground Relationship

9.4.1.

Visual Separation

9.4.1.1.

Foreground Elements

9.4.1.2.

Background Elements

9.4.2.

Contrast Management

9.4.2.1.

9.4.2.2.

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8. Data for Cartography

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10. Symbolization