Cartography

  1. Topographic Representation
    1. Representing Relief (Elevation)
      1. Vertical Exaggeration
        1. Scale Relationships
          1. Visual Enhancement
          2. 3D Visualization
            1. Perspective Views
              1. Oblique Projection
              2. Profile Views
                1. Cross-sectional Representation
                  1. Elevation Profiles
                2. Contours (Isolines of Elevation)
                  1. Contour Interval
                    1. Interval Selection
                      1. Terrain Considerations
                      2. Index Contours
                        1. Major Contours
                          1. Elevation Labeling
                          2. Supplementary Contours
                            1. Half-interval Contours
                              1. Detailed Representation
                              2. Contour Interpolation
                                1. Between Known Points
                                  1. Mathematical Methods
                                2. Hypsometric Tinting (Layer Tinting)
                                  1. Color Gradation by Elevation
                                    1. Elevation Zones
                                      1. Color Selection
                                      2. Bathymetric Tinting
                                        1. Underwater Elevation
                                          1. Depth Representation
                                        2. Shaded Relief (Hillshading)
                                          1. Light Source and Shadow
                                            1. Illumination Angle
                                              1. Shadow Calculation
                                              2. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)
                                                1. Grid-based Elevation
                                                  1. Resolution Considerations
                                                  2. Analytical Hillshading
                                                    1. Mathematical Algorithms
                                                      1. Slope and Aspect Calculation
                                                    2. Hachures and Rock Drawing
                                                      1. Hachure Techniques
                                                        1. Line Direction
                                                          1. Line Density
                                                            1. Slope Representation
                                                            2. Depicting Landforms
                                                              1. Artistic Interpretation
                                                                1. Geological Features
                                                                2. Swiss Style Rock Drawing
                                                                  1. Artistic Techniques
                                                                    1. Detailed Representation

                                                                Previous

                                                                13. Types of Maps

                                                                Go to top

                                                                Next

                                                                15. Modern Cartographic Technologies