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Geography
Geographic Techniques and Methods
Cartography
1. Introduction to Cartography
2. History of Cartography
3. Geodesy and The Shape of the Earth
4. Coordinate Systems
5. Map Projections
6. Map Scale
7. Generalization
8. Data for Cartography
9. Map Design and Composition
10. Symbolization
11. Color in Cartography
12. Typography on Maps
13. Types of Maps
14. Topographic Representation
15. Modern Cartographic Technologies
16. Map Evaluation and Critique
3.
Geodesy and The Shape of the Earth
3.1.
Earth's Physical Shape
3.1.1.
Oblate Spheroid Concept
3.1.2.
Gravitational Effects
3.1.3.
Centrifugal Force Impact
3.2.
The Geoid
3.2.1.
Definition and Characteristics
3.2.2.
Geoid vs. Ellipsoid
3.2.3.
Geoid Models
3.2.3.1.
EGM96
3.2.3.2.
EGM2008
3.2.3.3.
GEOID12
3.2.4.
Geoid Undulations
3.3.
The Ellipsoid (Spheroid)
3.3.1.
Mathematical Representation
3.3.2.
Reference Ellipsoids
3.3.2.1.
Clarke 1866
3.3.2.2.
GRS80
3.3.2.3.
WGS84 Ellipsoid
3.3.3.
Flattening and Eccentricity
3.3.4.
Semi-major and Semi-minor Axes
3.4.
Geodetic Datums
3.4.1.
Purpose of Datums
3.4.2.
Horizontal Datums
3.4.2.1.
NAD27
3.4.2.1.1.
Clarke 1866 Ellipsoid
3.4.2.1.2.
Meades Ranch Origin
3.4.2.2.
NAD83
3.4.2.2.1.
GRS80 Ellipsoid
3.4.2.2.2.
Geocentric Datum
3.4.2.3.
WGS84
3.4.2.3.1.
Global Positioning System
3.4.2.3.2.
Satellite-based Definition
3.4.3.
Vertical Datums
3.4.3.1.
Mean Sea Level
3.4.3.2.
NAVD88
3.4.3.3.
Local Vertical Datums
3.4.3.4.
Tidal Datums
3.4.4.
Datum Transformations
3.4.4.1.
Three-parameter Transformations
3.4.4.2.
Seven-parameter Transformations
3.4.4.3.
Grid-based Transformations
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2. History of Cartography
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4. Coordinate Systems