Cartography

  1. Geodesy and The Shape of the Earth
    1. Earth's Physical Shape
      1. Oblate Spheroid Concept
        1. Gravitational Effects
          1. Centrifugal Force Impact
          2. The Geoid
            1. Definition and Characteristics
              1. Geoid vs. Ellipsoid
                1. Geoid Models
                  1. EGM96
                    1. EGM2008
                      1. GEOID12
                      2. Geoid Undulations
                      3. The Ellipsoid (Spheroid)
                        1. Mathematical Representation
                          1. Reference Ellipsoids
                            1. Clarke 1866
                              1. GRS80
                                1. WGS84 Ellipsoid
                                2. Flattening and Eccentricity
                                  1. Semi-major and Semi-minor Axes
                                  2. Geodetic Datums
                                    1. Purpose of Datums
                                      1. Horizontal Datums
                                        1. NAD27
                                          1. Clarke 1866 Ellipsoid
                                            1. Meades Ranch Origin
                                            2. NAD83
                                              1. GRS80 Ellipsoid
                                                1. Geocentric Datum
                                                2. WGS84
                                                  1. Global Positioning System
                                                    1. Satellite-based Definition
                                                  2. Vertical Datums
                                                    1. Mean Sea Level
                                                      1. Local Vertical Datums
                                                        1. Tidal Datums
                                                        2. Datum Transformations
                                                          1. Three-parameter Transformations
                                                            1. Seven-parameter Transformations
                                                              1. Grid-based Transformations

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                                                          2. History of Cartography

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                                                          4. Coordinate Systems