Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering

5.

Cell Sources for Tissue Engineering

5.1.

Classification of Cell Sources

5.1.1.

Autologous Cells

5.1.1.1.

5.1.1.2.

5.1.1.3.

Harvesting Methods

5.1.2.

Allogeneic Cells

5.1.2.1.

Immunological Considerations

5.1.2.2.

5.1.2.3.

Immunosuppression

5.1.3.

Xenogeneic Cells

5.1.3.1.

Species Barriers

5.1.3.2.

5.1.3.3.

Genetic Modifications

5.2.

5.2.1.

Stem Cell Properties

5.2.1.1.

5.2.1.2.

5.2.1.3.

Differentiation

5.2.2.

Embryonic Stem Cells

5.2.2.1.

5.2.2.2.

5.2.2.3.

Differentiation Protocols

5.2.2.4.

5.2.3.

Adult Stem Cells

5.2.3.1.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

5.2.3.1.1.

5.2.3.1.2.

Characterization

5.2.3.1.3.

Differentiation Potential

5.2.3.1.4.

Immunomodulatory Properties

5.2.3.2.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

5.2.3.2.1.

Bone Marrow Niche

5.2.3.2.2.

5.2.3.3.

Neural Stem Cells

5.2.3.4.

Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

5.2.3.5.

Other Adult Stem Cell Types

5.2.4.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

5.2.4.1.

Reprogramming Factors

5.2.4.2.

Methods of Induction

5.2.4.3.

Characterization

5.2.4.4.

Safety Concerns

5.3.

5.3.1.

Isolation Methods

5.3.2.

Culture Conditions

5.3.3.

Phenotype Maintenance

5.3.4.

Passage Effects

5.4.

5.4.1.

Immortalized Cell Lines

5.4.2.

Advantages and Limitations

5.4.3.

Commonly Used Cell Lines

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6. Extracellular Matrix