Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering

3.

Classes of Biomaterials

3.1.

Metallic Biomaterials

3.1.1.

Stainless Steel

3.1.1.1.

3.1.1.2.

Mechanical Properties

3.1.1.3.

Corrosion Resistance

3.1.2.

Cobalt-Chromium Alloys

3.1.2.1.

Composition Variations

3.1.2.2.

Mechanical Properties

3.1.2.3.

Wear Resistance

3.1.2.4.

Biocompatibility

3.1.3.

Titanium and Titanium Alloys

3.1.3.1.

3.1.3.2.

Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

3.1.3.3.

Beta Titanium Alloys

3.1.3.4.

Osseointegration

3.1.3.5.

Surface Treatments

3.1.4.

Shape Memory Alloys

3.1.4.1.

3.1.4.2.

Shape Memory Effect

3.1.4.3.

Superelasticity

3.1.4.4.

Biomedical Applications

3.1.5.

Biodegradable Metals

3.1.5.1.

Magnesium Alloys

3.1.5.2.

Iron-Based Alloys

3.1.5.3.

3.1.5.4.

Degradation Mechanisms

3.1.5.5.

Corrosion Products

3.1.6.

Surface Modifications

3.1.6.1.

3.1.6.2.

Ion Implantation

3.1.6.3.

Surface Texturing

3.2.

Polymeric Biomaterials

3.2.1.

Natural Polymers

3.2.1.1.

Protein-Based Polymers

3.2.1.1.1.

3.2.1.1.1.1.

Structure and Types

3.2.1.1.1.2.

3.2.1.1.1.3.

Processing Methods

3.2.1.1.2.

3.2.1.1.2.1.

Source and Processing

3.2.1.1.2.2.

Cross-linking Methods

3.2.1.1.3.

3.2.1.1.3.1.

3.2.1.1.3.2.

Mechanical Properties

3.2.1.1.3.3.

3.2.1.1.4.

3.2.1.1.4.1.

3.2.1.1.4.2.

Elastic Properties

3.2.1.2.

Polysaccharide-Based Polymers

3.2.1.2.1.

3.2.1.2.1.1.

Source and Structure

3.2.1.2.1.2.

Deacetylation Degree

3.2.1.2.2.

3.2.1.2.2.1.

3.2.1.2.2.2.

Gelation Mechanisms

3.2.1.2.3.

Hyaluronic Acid

3.2.1.2.3.1.

Molecular Weight Effects

3.2.1.2.3.2.

3.2.1.2.4.

Cellulose Derivatives

3.2.1.2.5.

Starch-Based Materials

3.2.2.

Synthetic Polymers

3.2.2.1.

Biodegradable Polymers

3.2.2.1.1.

Aliphatic Polyesters

3.2.2.1.1.1.

Polylactic Acid (PLA)

3.2.2.1.1.1.1.

Stereochemistry

3.2.2.1.1.1.2.

3.2.2.1.1.2.

Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)

3.2.2.1.1.3.

PLGA Copolymers

3.2.2.1.1.3.1.

Composition Effects

3.2.2.1.1.3.2.

Degradation Control

3.2.2.1.1.4.

Polycaprolactone (PCL)

3.2.2.1.1.4.1.

Long-term Degradation

3.2.2.1.2.

Other Biodegradable Polymers

3.2.2.1.2.1.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)

3.2.2.1.2.2.

Polydioxanone (PDO)

3.2.2.1.2.3.

Polytrimethylene Carbonate (PTMC)

3.2.2.2.

Non-Biodegradable Polymers

3.2.2.2.1.

3.2.2.2.1.1.

3.2.2.2.1.2.

3.2.2.2.1.3.

Cross-linking Effects

3.2.2.2.2.

3.2.2.2.3.

3.2.2.2.4.

3.2.2.2.4.1.

Types and Properties

3.2.2.2.4.2.

Medical Applications

3.2.2.2.5.

3.2.2.2.6.

3.2.2.2.6.1.

3.2.2.2.6.2.

Biocompatibility Issues

3.2.3.

3.2.3.1.

3.2.3.1.1.

Natural vs. Synthetic

3.2.3.1.2.

Physical vs. Chemical Cross-linking

3.2.3.2.

3.2.3.2.1.

Swelling Behavior

3.2.3.2.2.

Mechanical Properties

3.2.3.2.3.

3.2.3.3.

Cross-linking Methods

3.2.3.3.1.

Chemical Cross-linking

3.2.3.3.2.

Physical Cross-linking

3.2.3.3.3.

Photo-cross-linking

3.2.3.4.

3.2.3.4.1.

3.2.3.4.2.

Tissue Engineering

3.2.3.4.3.

3.3.

Ceramic Biomaterials

3.3.1.

3.3.1.1.

Bioinert Ceramics

3.3.1.2.

Bioactive Ceramics

3.3.1.3.

Bioresorbable Ceramics

3.3.2.

Bioinert Ceramics

3.3.2.1.

3.3.2.1.1.

Crystal Structure

3.3.2.1.2.

Mechanical Properties

3.3.2.2.

3.3.2.2.1.

Phase Transformations

3.3.2.2.2.

Toughening Mechanisms

3.3.2.2.3.

Dental Applications

3.3.2.3.

Pyrolytic Carbon

3.3.3.

Bioactive Ceramics

3.3.3.1.

Bioactive Glass

3.3.3.1.1.

3.3.3.1.2.

Bioactivity Mechanism

3.3.3.2.

3.3.3.2.1.

Crystallization Process

3.3.4.

Bioresorbable Ceramics

3.3.4.1.

Calcium Phosphates

3.3.4.1.1.

3.3.4.1.1.1.

3.3.4.1.1.2.

3.3.4.1.1.3.

Synthesis Methods

3.3.4.1.2.

Tricalcium Phosphate

3.3.4.1.2.1.

Alpha and Beta Forms

3.3.4.1.2.2.

3.3.4.1.3.

Biphasic Calcium Phosphate

3.3.4.1.4.

Calcium Phosphate Cements

3.3.4.2.

Other Bioresorbable Ceramics

3.3.4.2.1.

Calcium Sulfate

3.3.4.2.2.

Calcium Carbonate

3.4.

Composite Biomaterials

3.4.1.

Design Principles

3.4.1.1.

Rule of Mixtures

3.4.1.2.

Fiber Reinforcement

3.4.1.3.

Particle Reinforcement

3.4.2.

Polymer Matrix Composites

3.4.2.1.

Fiber-Reinforced Composites

3.4.2.1.1.

Carbon Fiber Composites

3.4.2.1.2.

Glass Fiber Composites

3.4.2.1.3.

Natural Fiber Composites

3.4.2.2.

Particle-Reinforced Composites

3.4.2.2.1.

Hydroxyapatite-Polymer Composites

3.4.2.2.2.

Bioactive Glass-Polymer Composites

3.4.3.

Metal Matrix Composites

3.4.4.

Ceramic Matrix Composites

3.4.5.

Processing Methods

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