Biogeography

7.

Methods and Tools in Biogeography

7.1.

Data Collection Methods

7.1.1.

Field Survey Techniques

7.1.1.1.

7.1.1.2.

Transect Sampling

7.1.1.3.

7.1.1.4.

Capture-Mark-Recapture

7.1.2.

7.1.2.1.

Satellite Imagery

7.1.2.2.

Aerial Photography

7.1.2.3.

LiDAR Technology

7.1.2.4.

Hyperspectral Imaging

7.1.3.

Geographic Information Systems

7.1.3.1.

Spatial Data Management

7.1.3.2.

7.1.3.3.

Spatial Analysis

7.1.3.4.

Database Integration

7.1.4.

Paleontological Methods

7.1.4.1.

Fossil Collection

7.1.4.2.

Stratigraphic Analysis

7.1.4.3.

Dating Techniques

7.1.4.4.

Taphonomic Analysis

7.1.5.

Molecular Techniques

7.1.5.1.

7.1.5.2.

PCR Amplification

7.1.5.3.

Sequencing Methods

7.1.5.4.

Phylogenetic Markers

7.2.

Analytical Approaches

7.2.1.

Distribution Mapping

7.2.1.1.

7.2.1.2.

Occurrence Databases

7.2.1.3.

7.2.1.4.

Citizen Science Data

7.2.2.

Species Distribution Modeling

7.2.2.1.

Environmental Variables

7.2.2.2.

Model Algorithms

7.2.2.2.1.

Maximum Entropy

7.2.2.2.2.

Generalized Linear Models

7.2.2.2.3.

Machine Learning Methods

7.2.2.3.

Model Evaluation

7.2.2.4.

Uncertainty Assessment

7.2.3.

Phylogenetic Analysis

7.2.3.1.

Tree Construction

7.2.3.2.

Molecular Dating

7.2.3.3.

Ancestral State Reconstruction

7.2.3.4.

Phylogeographic Analysis

7.2.4.

Biogeographic Reconstruction

7.2.4.1.

Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis

7.2.4.2.

Ancestral Area Reconstruction

7.2.4.3.

Event-Based Methods

7.2.5.

Landscape Analysis

7.2.5.1.

7.2.5.2.

Connectivity Measures

7.2.5.3.

Fragmentation Indices

7.2.5.4.

Spatial Pattern Analysis

7.2.6.

Statistical Methods

7.2.6.1.

Spatial Statistics

7.2.6.2.

Multivariate Analysis

7.2.6.3.

Time Series Analysis

7.2.6.4.

Null Model Testing

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6. Human Impacts and Conservation Biogeography

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1. Introduction to Biogeography