Biogeography

  1. Ecological Biogeography
    1. Abiotic Environmental Factors
      1. Climate Variables
        1. Temperature
          1. Mean Annual Temperature
            1. Temperature Seasonality
              1. Extreme Temperatures
                1. Thermal Tolerance Limits
                2. Precipitation
                  1. Annual Precipitation
                    1. Precipitation Seasonality
                      1. Drought Frequency
                        1. Water Availability
                        2. Solar Radiation
                          1. Light Intensity
                            1. Photoperiod
                              1. Seasonal Variation
                              2. Atmospheric Factors
                                1. Humidity
                                  1. Wind Patterns
                                    1. Atmospheric Pressure
                                  2. Topographic Factors
                                    1. Elevation
                                      1. Altitudinal Gradients
                                        1. Vegetation Zonation
                                          1. Climate Effects
                                          2. Slope and Aspect
                                            1. Microclimate Variation
                                              1. Solar Exposure
                                                1. Moisture Retention
                                                2. Landform Complexity
                                                  1. Habitat Heterogeneity
                                                    1. Microhabitat Creation
                                                  2. Edaphic Factors
                                                    1. Soil Physical Properties
                                                      1. Texture
                                                        1. Structure
                                                          1. Porosity
                                                            1. Water Holding Capacity
                                                            2. Soil Chemical Properties
                                                              1. pH Levels
                                                                1. Nutrient Content
                                                                  1. Salinity
                                                                    1. Toxic Elements
                                                                    2. Soil Biological Properties
                                                                      1. Organic Matter Content
                                                                        1. Microbial Communities
                                                                          1. Decomposition Rates
                                                                        2. Hydrological Factors
                                                                          1. Water Availability
                                                                            1. Surface Water
                                                                              1. Groundwater
                                                                                1. Soil Moisture
                                                                                2. Water Quality
                                                                                  1. Chemical Composition
                                                                                    1. Pollution Levels
                                                                                      1. Temperature
                                                                                  2. Biotic Interactions
                                                                                    1. Competition
                                                                                      1. Interspecific Competition
                                                                                        1. Resource Competition
                                                                                          1. Interference Competition
                                                                                            1. Apparent Competition
                                                                                            2. Intraspecific Competition
                                                                                              1. Density-Dependent Effects
                                                                                                1. Territorial Behavior
                                                                                                2. Competitive Exclusion
                                                                                                  1. Gause's Principle
                                                                                                    1. Resource Partitioning
                                                                                                      1. Character Displacement
                                                                                                    2. Predation and Herbivory
                                                                                                      1. Predator-Prey Dynamics
                                                                                                        1. Population Cycles
                                                                                                          1. Predation Pressure
                                                                                                          2. Herbivore-Plant Interactions
                                                                                                            1. Grazing Effects
                                                                                                              1. Plant Defenses
                                                                                                                1. Coevolution
                                                                                                              2. Mutualistic Interactions
                                                                                                                1. Pollination Systems
                                                                                                                  1. Animal Pollinators
                                                                                                                    1. Wind Pollination
                                                                                                                      1. Coevolutionary Relationships
                                                                                                                      2. Seed Dispersal
                                                                                                                        1. Animal Dispersers
                                                                                                                          1. Dispersal Syndromes
                                                                                                                          2. Symbiotic Relationships
                                                                                                                            1. Mycorrhizal Associations
                                                                                                                              1. Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                                                                                1. Cleaning Symbioses
                                                                                                                              2. Parasitism and Disease
                                                                                                                                1. Host-Parasite Relationships
                                                                                                                                  1. Host Specificity
                                                                                                                                    1. Parasite Load Effects
                                                                                                                                    2. Disease Dynamics
                                                                                                                                      1. Epidemic Spread
                                                                                                                                        1. Endemic Diseases
                                                                                                                                          1. Range Limitation Effects
                                                                                                                                      2. Ecological Niche Concepts
                                                                                                                                        1. Fundamental Niche
                                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Requirements
                                                                                                                                            1. Physiological Tolerances
                                                                                                                                              1. Resource Needs
                                                                                                                                              2. Realized Niche
                                                                                                                                                1. Actual Occupied Space
                                                                                                                                                  1. Biotic Constraints
                                                                                                                                                    1. Competitive Effects
                                                                                                                                                    2. Niche Dimensions
                                                                                                                                                      1. Resource Axes
                                                                                                                                                        1. Environmental Axes
                                                                                                                                                          1. Temporal Dimensions
                                                                                                                                                          2. Niche Breadth and Specialization
                                                                                                                                                            1. Generalist Species
                                                                                                                                                              1. Specialist Species
                                                                                                                                                                1. Niche Overlap
                                                                                                                                                              2. Species Distribution Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                1. Range Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Geographic Range Size
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Range Shape
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Range Boundaries
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Abundance Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Population Density
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Abundance-Range Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Core-Periphery Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Limiting Factors
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Single Factor Limitation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Multiple Factor Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Threshold Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Liebig's Law of Minimum

                                                                                                                                                                                Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                2. Historical Biogeography

                                                                                                                                                                                Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                Next

                                                                                                                                                                                4. Island Biogeography