Biogeography

5.

Global Patterns of Biodiversity

5.1.

Biogeographic Realms

5.1.1.

5.1.1.1.

Geographic Boundaries

5.1.1.2.

Characteristic Taxa

5.1.1.3.

Endemic Families

5.1.2.

Neotropical Realm

5.1.2.1.

Geographic Boundaries

5.1.2.2.

Characteristic Taxa

5.1.2.3.

Endemic Families

5.1.3.

Palearctic Realm

5.1.3.1.

Geographic Boundaries

5.1.3.2.

Characteristic Taxa

5.1.3.3.

Endemic Families

5.1.4.

Afrotropical Realm

5.1.4.1.

Geographic Boundaries

5.1.4.2.

Characteristic Taxa

5.1.4.3.

Endemic Families

5.1.5.

Indo-Malayan Realm

5.1.5.1.

Geographic Boundaries

5.1.5.2.

Characteristic Taxa

5.1.5.3.

Endemic Families

5.1.6.

Australasian Realm

5.1.6.1.

Geographic Boundaries

5.1.6.2.

Characteristic Taxa

5.1.6.3.

Endemic Families

5.1.7.

5.1.7.1.

Geographic Boundaries

5.1.7.2.

Characteristic Taxa

5.1.7.3.

Endemic Families

5.1.8.

Antarctic Realm

5.1.8.1.

Geographic Boundaries

5.1.8.2.

Characteristic Taxa

5.1.8.3.

Endemic Families

5.2.

Terrestrial Biomes

5.2.1.

Tropical Rainforests

5.2.1.1.

Climate Characteristics

5.2.1.2.

Geographic Distribution

5.2.1.3.

Biodiversity Patterns

5.2.1.4.

Structural Complexity

5.2.2.

Tropical Savannas

5.2.2.1.

Climate Patterns

5.2.2.2.

5.2.2.3.

Dominant Species

5.2.2.4.

Seasonal Dynamics

5.2.3.

5.2.3.1.

5.2.3.2.

5.2.3.3.

Coastal Deserts

5.2.3.4.

Adaptations to Aridity

5.2.4.

Temperate Grasslands

5.2.4.1.

Prairie Systems

5.2.4.2.

5.2.4.3.

5.2.4.4.

Soil Characteristics

5.2.5.

Temperate Forests

5.2.5.1.

Deciduous Forests

5.2.5.2.

5.2.5.3.

Seasonal Patterns

5.2.5.4.

Disturbance Regimes

5.2.6.

Mediterranean Ecosystems

5.2.6.1.

Climate Characteristics

5.2.6.2.

Fire Adaptations

5.2.6.3.

Convergent Evolution

5.2.6.4.

Endemic Species

5.2.7.

5.2.7.1.

Coniferous Dominance

5.2.7.2.

Climate Constraints

5.2.7.3.

Disturbance Patterns

5.2.7.4.

Wildlife Adaptations

5.2.8.

5.2.8.1.

5.2.8.2.

5.2.8.3.

Permafrost Effects

5.2.8.4.

Growing Season Constraints

5.3.

Aquatic Ecosystems

5.3.1.

Freshwater Systems

5.3.1.1.

Lentic Ecosystems

5.3.1.1.1.

5.3.1.1.2.

Thermal Stratification

5.3.1.1.3.

Productivity Patterns

5.3.1.2.

Lotic Ecosystems

5.3.1.2.1.

River Continuum

5.3.1.2.2.

5.3.1.2.3.

5.3.1.3.

Wetland Systems

5.3.1.3.1.

Marsh Ecosystems

5.3.1.3.2.

Swamp Ecosystems

5.3.1.3.3.

5.3.2.

5.3.2.1.

5.3.2.1.1.

Intertidal Communities

5.3.2.1.2.

Estuarine Systems

5.3.2.1.3.

5.3.2.2.

5.3.2.2.1.

5.3.2.2.2.

Productivity Patterns

5.3.2.2.3.

Vertical Migration

5.3.2.3.

5.3.2.3.1.

Benthic Communities

5.3.2.3.2.

Hydrothermal Vents

5.3.2.3.3.

5.3.2.4.

Coral Reef Systems

5.3.2.4.1.

5.3.2.4.2.

Biodiversity Hotspots

5.3.2.4.3.

Symbiotic Relationships

5.4.

Biodiversity Gradients

5.4.1.

Latitudinal Diversity Gradient

5.4.1.1.

Tropical Diversity Peak

5.4.1.2.

Explanatory Hypotheses

5.4.1.2.1.

Climate Stability

5.4.1.2.2.

Energy Availability

5.4.1.2.3.

Evolutionary Time

5.4.1.2.4.

5.4.2.

Altitudinal Diversity Patterns

5.4.2.1.

Elevational Gradients

5.4.2.2.

Mid-Domain Effects

5.4.2.3.

Climate Constraints

5.4.3.

Depth Gradients

5.4.3.1.

Marine Depth Patterns

5.4.3.2.

Freshwater Depth Patterns

5.4.3.3.

Pressure and Light Effects

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