Biogeography

  1. Global Patterns of Biodiversity
    1. Biogeographic Realms
      1. Nearctic Realm
        1. Geographic Boundaries
          1. Characteristic Taxa
            1. Endemic Families
            2. Neotropical Realm
              1. Geographic Boundaries
                1. Characteristic Taxa
                  1. Endemic Families
                  2. Palearctic Realm
                    1. Geographic Boundaries
                      1. Characteristic Taxa
                        1. Endemic Families
                        2. Afrotropical Realm
                          1. Geographic Boundaries
                            1. Characteristic Taxa
                              1. Endemic Families
                              2. Indo-Malayan Realm
                                1. Geographic Boundaries
                                  1. Characteristic Taxa
                                    1. Endemic Families
                                    2. Australasian Realm
                                      1. Geographic Boundaries
                                        1. Characteristic Taxa
                                          1. Endemic Families
                                          2. Oceanic Realm
                                            1. Geographic Boundaries
                                              1. Characteristic Taxa
                                                1. Endemic Families
                                                2. Antarctic Realm
                                                  1. Geographic Boundaries
                                                    1. Characteristic Taxa
                                                      1. Endemic Families
                                                    2. Terrestrial Biomes
                                                      1. Tropical Rainforests
                                                        1. Climate Characteristics
                                                          1. Geographic Distribution
                                                            1. Biodiversity Patterns
                                                              1. Structural Complexity
                                                              2. Tropical Savannas
                                                                1. Climate Patterns
                                                                  1. Fire Regimes
                                                                    1. Dominant Species
                                                                      1. Seasonal Dynamics
                                                                      2. Deserts
                                                                        1. Hot Deserts
                                                                          1. Cold Deserts
                                                                            1. Coastal Deserts
                                                                              1. Adaptations to Aridity
                                                                              2. Temperate Grasslands
                                                                                1. Prairie Systems
                                                                                  1. Steppe Systems
                                                                                    1. Pampas Systems
                                                                                      1. Soil Characteristics
                                                                                      2. Temperate Forests
                                                                                        1. Deciduous Forests
                                                                                          1. Mixed Forests
                                                                                            1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                                                              1. Disturbance Regimes
                                                                                              2. Mediterranean Ecosystems
                                                                                                1. Climate Characteristics
                                                                                                  1. Fire Adaptations
                                                                                                    1. Convergent Evolution
                                                                                                      1. Endemic Species
                                                                                                      2. Boreal Forests
                                                                                                        1. Coniferous Dominance
                                                                                                          1. Climate Constraints
                                                                                                            1. Disturbance Patterns
                                                                                                              1. Wildlife Adaptations
                                                                                                              2. Tundra
                                                                                                                1. Arctic Tundra
                                                                                                                  1. Alpine Tundra
                                                                                                                    1. Permafrost Effects
                                                                                                                      1. Growing Season Constraints
                                                                                                                    2. Aquatic Ecosystems
                                                                                                                      1. Freshwater Systems
                                                                                                                        1. Lentic Ecosystems
                                                                                                                          1. Lake Zonation
                                                                                                                            1. Thermal Stratification
                                                                                                                              1. Productivity Patterns
                                                                                                                              2. Lotic Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                1. River Continuum
                                                                                                                                  1. Flow Regimes
                                                                                                                                    1. Riparian Zones
                                                                                                                                    2. Wetland Systems
                                                                                                                                      1. Marsh Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                        1. Swamp Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                          1. Bog Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                        2. Marine Systems
                                                                                                                                          1. Coastal Zones
                                                                                                                                            1. Intertidal Communities
                                                                                                                                              1. Estuarine Systems
                                                                                                                                                1. Kelp Forests
                                                                                                                                                2. Open Ocean
                                                                                                                                                  1. Pelagic Zones
                                                                                                                                                    1. Productivity Patterns
                                                                                                                                                      1. Vertical Migration
                                                                                                                                                      2. Deep Sea
                                                                                                                                                        1. Benthic Communities
                                                                                                                                                          1. Hydrothermal Vents
                                                                                                                                                            1. Cold Seeps
                                                                                                                                                            2. Coral Reef Systems
                                                                                                                                                              1. Reef Formation
                                                                                                                                                                1. Biodiversity Hotspots
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Symbiotic Relationships
                                                                                                                                                              2. Biodiversity Gradients
                                                                                                                                                                1. Latitudinal Diversity Gradient
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tropical Diversity Peak
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Explanatory Hypotheses
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Climate Stability
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Energy Availability
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Evolutionary Time
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Area Effects
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Altitudinal Diversity Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Elevational Gradients
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mid-Domain Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Climate Constraints
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Depth Gradients
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Marine Depth Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Freshwater Depth Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pressure and Light Effects

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                                                                                                                                                                                  6. Human Impacts and Conservation Biogeography