Arduino Programming and Interfacing

  1. Interfacing with Actuators
    1. Visual Output Devices
      1. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
        1. Standard LEDs
          1. High-power LEDs
            1. Current limiting
            2. RGB LEDs
              1. Common anode vs common cathode
                1. Color mixing with PWM
                  1. Color space concepts
                  2. LED Strips and Matrices
                    1. WS2812B addressable LEDs
                      1. Matrix scanning techniques
                        1. Power considerations
                        2. Seven-Segment Displays
                          1. Common anode vs common cathode
                            1. BCD to seven-segment decoding
                              1. Multiplexing multiple digits
                              2. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
                                1. Character-based LCDs
                                  1. HD44780 controller
                                    1. LiquidCrystal library usage
                                      1. Custom character creation
                                      2. OLED Displays
                                        1. Monochrome and color variants
                                          1. I2C and SPI interfaces
                                            1. Graphics libraries
                                              1. Text and bitmap display
                                            2. Audio Output Devices
                                              1. Piezo Buzzers
                                                1. Active vs passive buzzers
                                                  1. Frequency response
                                                    1. Volume control
                                                    2. Speakers
                                                      1. Impedance matching
                                                        1. Amplification requirements
                                                          1. Audio quality considerations
                                                          2. Audio Generation Functions
                                                            1. tone() function
                                                              1. noTone() function
                                                                1. Melody playback
                                                                  1. Sound effects
                                                                2. Motor Control
                                                                  1. DC Motors
                                                                    1. Motor characteristics
                                                                      1. H-bridge circuits
                                                                        1. Motor driver ICs
                                                                          1. Speed and direction control
                                                                          2. Servo Motors
                                                                            1. Standard vs continuous rotation
                                                                              1. PWM control signals
                                                                                1. Servo library usage
                                                                                  1. Position feedback
                                                                                  2. Stepper Motors
                                                                                    1. Bipolar vs unipolar types
                                                                                      1. Step sequences
                                                                                        1. Microstepping
                                                                                          1. Stepper motor libraries
                                                                                          2. Motor Control Considerations
                                                                                            1. Power supply requirements
                                                                                              1. Heat dissipation
                                                                                                1. Encoder feedback
                                                                                              2. Switching and Relay Control
                                                                                                1. Mechanical Relays
                                                                                                  1. Relay specifications
                                                                                                    1. Coil voltage and current
                                                                                                      1. Contact ratings
                                                                                                      2. Solid State Relays
                                                                                                        1. Optical isolation
                                                                                                          1. Switching characteristics
                                                                                                            1. Heat management
                                                                                                            2. Relay Driver Circuits
                                                                                                              1. Transistor switching
                                                                                                                1. Flyback diode protection
                                                                                                                  1. Relay modules