Arduino Programming and Interfacing

  1. Digital Input and Output
    1. Understanding Digital Signals
      1. Logic Levels
        1. HIGH and LOW states
          1. Voltage thresholds
            1. TTL vs CMOS logic
            2. Digital vs Analog Signals
              1. Signal characteristics
                1. Noise immunity
                2. Signal Timing
                  1. Rise and fall times
                    1. Propagation delays
                  2. GPIO Pin Fundamentals
                    1. Pin Numbering Systems
                      1. Physical vs logical numbering
                        1. Pin mapping
                        2. Pin Capabilities
                          1. Current sourcing and sinking
                            1. Voltage limitations
                              1. Pin multiplexing
                              2. Pin Configuration
                                1. Input mode
                                  1. Output mode
                                    1. High-impedance state
                                  2. Core Digital I/O Functions
                                    1. pinMode() Function
                                      1. INPUT mode
                                        1. OUTPUT mode
                                          1. INPUT_PULLUP mode
                                          2. digitalWrite() Function
                                            1. Setting HIGH state
                                              1. Setting LOW state
                                                1. Output timing
                                                2. digitalRead() Function
                                                  1. Reading pin state
                                                    1. Return values
                                                      1. Input timing
                                                    2. Digital Output Applications
                                                      1. LED Control
                                                        1. Current limiting resistors
                                                          1. LED specifications
                                                            1. Multiple LED control
                                                            2. Current Sourcing vs Sinking
                                                              1. Circuit configurations
                                                                1. Current calculations
                                                                2. Driving External Devices
                                                                  1. Transistor switching
                                                                    1. Relay control
                                                                      1. Logic level conversion
                                                                    2. Digital Input Applications
                                                                      1. Button and Switch Interfacing
                                                                        1. Pull-up resistors
                                                                          1. Pull-down resistors
                                                                            1. Switch bounce
                                                                            2. Internal Pull-up Resistors
                                                                              1. INPUT_PULLUP mode
                                                                                1. Logic inversion
                                                                                2. Keypad Interfacing
                                                                                  1. Matrix scanning
                                                                                    1. Multiple input handling
                                                                                  2. Debouncing Techniques
                                                                                    1. Software Debouncing
                                                                                      1. Delay-based debouncing
                                                                                        1. State change detection
                                                                                          1. Timing considerations
                                                                                          2. Hardware Debouncing
                                                                                            1. RC circuits
                                                                                              1. Schmitt triggers
                                                                                                1. Dedicated debounce ICs