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Computer Science
Internet of Things (IoT)
Arduino Programming and Interfacing
1. Introduction to Physical Computing and Arduino
2. Getting Started with Arduino Hardware
3. Setting Up the Development Environment
4. Arduino Programming Fundamentals
5. Digital Input and Output
6. Analog Input and Output
7. Interfacing with Sensors
8. Interfacing with Actuators
9. Communication Protocols
10. Data Management and Storage
11. Advanced Programming Concepts
12. Networking and Internet of Things
13. Project Development and Best Practices
Digital Input and Output
Understanding Digital Signals
Logic Levels
HIGH and LOW states
Voltage thresholds
TTL vs CMOS logic
Digital vs Analog Signals
Signal characteristics
Noise immunity
Signal Timing
Rise and fall times
Propagation delays
GPIO Pin Fundamentals
Pin Numbering Systems
Physical vs logical numbering
Pin mapping
Pin Capabilities
Current sourcing and sinking
Voltage limitations
Pin multiplexing
Pin Configuration
Input mode
Output mode
High-impedance state
Core Digital I/O Functions
pinMode() Function
INPUT mode
OUTPUT mode
INPUT_PULLUP mode
digitalWrite() Function
Setting HIGH state
Setting LOW state
Output timing
digitalRead() Function
Reading pin state
Return values
Input timing
Digital Output Applications
LED Control
Current limiting resistors
LED specifications
Multiple LED control
Current Sourcing vs Sinking
Circuit configurations
Current calculations
Driving External Devices
Transistor switching
Relay control
Logic level conversion
Digital Input Applications
Button and Switch Interfacing
Pull-up resistors
Pull-down resistors
Switch bounce
Internal Pull-up Resistors
INPUT_PULLUP mode
Logic inversion
Keypad Interfacing
Matrix scanning
Multiple input handling
Debouncing Techniques
Software Debouncing
Delay-based debouncing
State change detection
Timing considerations
Hardware Debouncing
RC circuits
Schmitt triggers
Dedicated debounce ICs
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6. Analog Input and Output