Arduino Programming and Interfacing

  1. Analog Input and Output
    1. Understanding Analog Signals
      1. Continuous vs Discrete Signals
        1. Voltage Ranges
          1. Signal Resolution
            1. Noise and Interference
            2. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
              1. ADC Principles
                1. Sampling and quantization
                  1. Resolution concepts
                  2. Arduino ADC Specifications
                    1. 10-bit resolution
                      1. Reference voltage options
                        1. Sampling rate
                        2. ADC Accuracy and Precision
                          1. Linearity
                            1. Offset and gain errors
                          2. Analog Input Functions
                            1. analogRead() Function
                              1. Syntax and usage
                                1. Return value range
                                  1. Conversion timing
                                  2. analogReference() Function
                                    1. Internal reference
                                      1. External reference
                                        1. AREF pin usage
                                      2. Analog Input Applications
                                        1. Potentiometer Interfacing
                                          1. Voltage divider principle
                                            1. Position sensing
                                              1. Control applications
                                              2. Sensor Interfacing
                                                1. Photoresistors
                                                  1. Thermistors
                                                    1. Pressure sensors
                                                    2. Signal Conditioning
                                                      1. Amplification
                                                        1. Filtering
                                                          1. Level shifting
                                                        2. Data Processing and Mapping
                                                          1. map() Function
                                                            1. Linear scaling
                                                              1. Range conversion
                                                              2. constrain() Function
                                                                1. Value limiting
                                                                  1. Boundary conditions
                                                                  2. Mathematical Operations
                                                                    1. Averaging
                                                                      1. Filtering algorithms
                                                                    2. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
                                                                      1. PWM Principles
                                                                        1. Duty cycle concept
                                                                          1. Frequency characteristics
                                                                            1. Average voltage output
                                                                            2. Arduino PWM Implementation
                                                                              1. PWM-capable pins
                                                                                1. Timer-based generation
                                                                                  1. Resolution limitations
                                                                                  2. analogWrite() Function
                                                                                    1. Syntax and usage
                                                                                      1. Value range
                                                                                        1. Output characteristics
                                                                                      2. PWM Applications
                                                                                        1. LED Brightness Control
                                                                                          1. Fading effects
                                                                                            1. Color mixing
                                                                                            2. Motor Speed Control
                                                                                              1. DC motor applications
                                                                                                1. PWM frequency considerations
                                                                                                2. Audio Generation
                                                                                                  1. Tone generation
                                                                                                    1. Simple audio effects