Arduino Programming and Interfacing

6.

Analog Input and Output

6.1.

Understanding Analog Signals

6.1.1.

Continuous vs Discrete Signals

6.1.2.

6.1.3.

Signal Resolution

6.1.4.

Noise and Interference

6.2.

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

6.2.1.

6.2.1.1.

Sampling and quantization

6.2.1.2.

Resolution concepts

6.2.2.

Arduino ADC Specifications

6.2.2.1.

10-bit resolution

6.2.2.2.

Reference voltage options

6.2.2.3.

6.2.3.

ADC Accuracy and Precision

6.2.3.1.

6.2.3.2.

Offset and gain errors

6.3.

Analog Input Functions

6.3.1.

analogRead() Function

6.3.1.1.

Syntax and usage

6.3.1.2.

Return value range

6.3.1.3.

Conversion timing

6.3.2.

analogReference() Function

6.3.2.1.

Internal reference

6.3.2.2.

External reference

6.3.2.3.

6.4.

Analog Input Applications

6.4.1.

Potentiometer Interfacing

6.4.1.1.

Voltage divider principle

6.4.1.2.

Position sensing

6.4.1.3.

Control applications

6.4.2.

Sensor Interfacing

6.4.2.1.

6.4.2.2.

6.4.2.3.

Pressure sensors

6.4.3.

Signal Conditioning

6.4.3.1.

6.4.3.2.

6.4.3.3.

6.5.

Data Processing and Mapping

6.5.1.

6.5.1.1.

6.5.1.2.

Range conversion

6.5.2.

constrain() Function

6.5.2.1.

6.5.2.2.

Boundary conditions

6.5.3.

Mathematical Operations

6.5.3.1.

6.5.3.2.

Filtering algorithms

6.6.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

6.6.1.

6.6.1.1.

Duty cycle concept

6.6.1.2.

Frequency characteristics

6.6.1.3.

Average voltage output

6.6.2.

Arduino PWM Implementation

6.6.2.1.

PWM-capable pins

6.6.2.2.

Timer-based generation

6.6.2.3.

Resolution limitations

6.6.3.

analogWrite() Function

6.6.3.1.

Syntax and usage

6.6.3.2.

6.6.3.3.

Output characteristics

6.7.

PWM Applications

6.7.1.

LED Brightness Control

6.7.1.1.

6.7.1.2.

6.7.2.

Motor Speed Control

6.7.2.1.

DC motor applications

6.7.2.2.

PWM frequency considerations

6.7.3.

Audio Generation

6.7.3.1.

Tone generation

6.7.3.2.

Simple audio effects

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7. Interfacing with Sensors