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Computer Science
Internet of Things (IoT)
Arduino Programming and Interfacing
1. Introduction to Physical Computing and Arduino
2. Getting Started with Arduino Hardware
3. Setting Up the Development Environment
4. Arduino Programming Fundamentals
5. Digital Input and Output
6. Analog Input and Output
7. Interfacing with Sensors
8. Interfacing with Actuators
9. Communication Protocols
10. Data Management and Storage
11. Advanced Programming Concepts
12. Networking and Internet of Things
13. Project Development and Best Practices
Analog Input and Output
Understanding Analog Signals
Continuous vs Discrete Signals
Voltage Ranges
Signal Resolution
Noise and Interference
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
ADC Principles
Sampling and quantization
Resolution concepts
Arduino ADC Specifications
10-bit resolution
Reference voltage options
Sampling rate
ADC Accuracy and Precision
Linearity
Offset and gain errors
Analog Input Functions
analogRead() Function
Syntax and usage
Return value range
Conversion timing
analogReference() Function
Internal reference
External reference
AREF pin usage
Analog Input Applications
Potentiometer Interfacing
Voltage divider principle
Position sensing
Control applications
Sensor Interfacing
Photoresistors
Thermistors
Pressure sensors
Signal Conditioning
Amplification
Filtering
Level shifting
Data Processing and Mapping
map() Function
Linear scaling
Range conversion
constrain() Function
Value limiting
Boundary conditions
Mathematical Operations
Averaging
Filtering algorithms
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
PWM Principles
Duty cycle concept
Frequency characteristics
Average voltage output
Arduino PWM Implementation
PWM-capable pins
Timer-based generation
Resolution limitations
analogWrite() Function
Syntax and usage
Value range
Output characteristics
PWM Applications
LED Brightness Control
Fading effects
Color mixing
Motor Speed Control
DC motor applications
PWM frequency considerations
Audio Generation
Tone generation
Simple audio effects
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7. Interfacing with Sensors