Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance

7.

Laboratory Diagnostics and Surveillance

7.1.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

7.1.1.

Phenotypic Testing Methods

7.1.1.1.

Disk Diffusion Testing

7.1.1.1.1.

Kirby-Bauer methodology

7.1.1.1.2.

Zone diameter interpretation

7.1.1.1.3.

Quality control procedures

7.1.1.2.

Broth Microdilution

7.1.1.2.1.

MIC determination

7.1.1.2.2.

Automated systems

7.1.1.2.3.

Manual procedures

7.1.1.3.

Gradient Diffusion Methods

7.1.1.3.1.

E-test principles

7.1.1.3.2.

MIC strip technology

7.1.1.4.

Specialized Testing

7.1.1.4.1.

Beta-lactamase detection

7.1.1.4.2.

Carbapenemase screening

7.1.2.

Genotypic Testing Methods

7.1.2.1.

Polymerase Chain Reaction

7.1.2.1.1.

Resistance gene detection

7.1.2.1.2.

Real-time PCR applications

7.1.2.2.

Whole Genome Sequencing

7.1.2.2.1.

Resistance prediction

7.1.2.2.2.

Epidemiological typing

7.1.2.3.

Microarray Technologies

7.1.2.4.

Point-of-Care Molecular Tests

7.2.

Surveillance Systems and Networks

7.2.1.

Hospital-Level Surveillance

7.2.1.1.

Antibiogram development

7.2.1.2.

Trend monitoring

7.2.1.3.

Outbreak detection

7.2.2.

National Surveillance Programs

7.2.2.1.

Resistance monitoring networks

7.2.2.2.

Data collection standards

7.2.2.3.

Reporting systems

7.2.3.

Global Surveillance Initiatives

7.2.3.1.

WHO Global AMR Surveillance System

7.2.3.2.

Regional surveillance networks

7.2.3.3.

International data sharing

7.3.

Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Role

7.3.1.

Specimen Processing

7.3.1.1.

Collection guidelines

7.3.1.2.

Transport requirements

7.3.1.3.

Processing protocols

7.3.2.

Pathogen Identification

7.3.2.1.

Conventional methods

7.3.2.2.

Automated identification systems

7.3.2.3.

Molecular identification

7.3.3.

Result Interpretation and Reporting

7.3.3.1.

Clinical correlation

7.3.3.2.

Resistance pattern analysis

7.3.3.3.

Communication with clinicians

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6. Clinical and Public Health Impact of AMR

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8. Strategies for Combating Antimicrobial Resistance