Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance

  1. Antibiotic Classification and Mechanisms of Action
    1. Classification Systems
      1. Chemical Structure-Based Classification
        1. Beta-lactam Antibiotics
          1. Penicillins
            1. Cephalosporins
              1. Carbapenems
                1. Monobactams
                2. Macrolides
                  1. Fluoroquinolones
                    1. Tetracyclines
                      1. Aminoglycosides
                        1. Glycopeptides
                          1. Lincosamides
                            1. Oxazolidinones
                              1. Lipopeptides
                              2. Spectrum of Activity Classification
                                1. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics
                                  1. Broad-spectrum antibiotics
                                    1. Extended-spectrum agents
                                    2. Bacteriological Effect Classification
                                      1. Bacteriostatic agents
                                        1. Bactericidal agents
                                          1. Concentration-dependent killing
                                            1. Time-dependent killing
                                          2. Mechanisms of Antibiotic Action
                                            1. Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibition
                                              1. Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis Pathway
                                                1. Precursor synthesis
                                                  1. Transpeptidation process
                                                    1. Cross-linking mechanisms
                                                    2. Beta-lactam Mechanism
                                                      1. Penicillin-binding protein targets
                                                        1. Transpeptidase inhibition
                                                          1. Cell lysis induction
                                                          2. Glycopeptide Mechanism
                                                            1. D-alanyl-D-alanine binding
                                                              1. Precursor sequestration
                                                                1. Cell wall assembly disruption
                                                              2. Protein Synthesis Inhibition
                                                                1. Ribosomal Structure and Function
                                                                  1. 30S ribosomal subunit
                                                                    1. 50S ribosomal subunit
                                                                      1. Translation process
                                                                      2. 30S Subunit Inhibitors
                                                                        1. Aminoglycoside binding sites
                                                                          1. Tetracycline binding mechanisms
                                                                            1. Translation initiation blocking
                                                                            2. 50S Subunit Inhibitors
                                                                              1. Macrolide binding sites
                                                                                1. Lincosamide mechanisms
                                                                                  1. Peptide bond formation inhibition
                                                                                2. Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibition
                                                                                  1. DNA Replication Interference
                                                                                    1. DNA gyrase inhibition
                                                                                      1. Topoisomerase IV inhibition
                                                                                        1. Fluoroquinolone mechanisms
                                                                                        2. RNA Synthesis Inhibition
                                                                                          1. RNA polymerase binding
                                                                                            1. Rifamycin mechanisms
                                                                                              1. Transcription blocking
                                                                                            2. Cell Membrane Disruption
                                                                                              1. Membrane Structure and Function
                                                                                                1. Polymyxin Mechanisms
                                                                                                  1. Lipopolysaccharide binding
                                                                                                    1. Membrane permeabilization
                                                                                                      1. Cell death induction
                                                                                                    2. Metabolic Pathway Inhibition
                                                                                                      1. Folate Synthesis Pathway
                                                                                                        1. Para-aminobenzoic acid competition
                                                                                                          1. Dihydrofolate reductase inhibition
                                                                                                          2. Sulfonamide Mechanisms
                                                                                                            1. Trimethoprim Mechanisms

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                                                                                                        1. Foundations of Microbiology and Antimicrobials

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                                                                                                        3. Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance