Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance

  1. Clinical and Public Health Impact of AMR
    1. Individual Patient Impact
      1. Treatment Failures
        1. Delayed recovery
          1. Recurrent infections
            1. Chronic conditions
            2. Increased Morbidity
              1. Prolonged illness
                1. Complications
                  1. Disability
                  2. Mortality Consequences
                    1. Direct attributable deaths
                      1. Increased case fatality rates
                    2. Healthcare System Impact
                      1. Multidrug-Resistant Organisms
                        1. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
                          1. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
                            1. Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
                              1. Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
                                1. Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter
                                2. Healthcare-Associated Infections
                                  1. Outbreak management
                                    1. Infection control challenges
                                    2. Resource Utilization
                                      1. Extended hospital stays
                                        1. Intensive care requirements
                                          1. Isolation precautions
                                        2. Economic Consequences
                                          1. Direct Healthcare Costs
                                            1. Expensive alternative antibiotics
                                              1. Extended treatment duration
                                                1. Additional diagnostic testing
                                                2. Indirect Economic Impact
                                                  1. Lost productivity
                                                    1. Caregiver burden
                                                      1. Long-term disability costs
                                                      2. Healthcare System Burden
                                                        1. Infrastructure strain
                                                          1. Staff resource allocation
                                                        2. Threats to Modern Medicine
                                                          1. High-Risk Medical Procedures
                                                            1. Cancer Chemotherapy
                                                              1. Neutropenia management
                                                                1. Infection prophylaxis
                                                                2. Organ Transplantation
                                                                  1. Immunosuppression risks
                                                                    1. Post-transplant infections
                                                                    2. Major Surgery
                                                                      1. Surgical site infections
                                                                        1. Prosthetic device infections
                                                                      2. Vulnerable Populations
                                                                        1. Neonatal Intensive Care
                                                                          1. Elderly patients
                                                                            1. Immunocompromised individuals

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                                                                        5. Drivers and Epidemiology of Antimicrobial Resistance

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                                                                        7. Laboratory Diagnostics and Surveillance