Animal Behavior

  1. Communication
    1. Nature and Properties of Signals
      1. Signal Definition and Characteristics
        1. Information Content
          1. Signal Reliability
            1. Signal Costs and Benefits
            2. Signal Modalities
              1. Visual Communication
                1. Body Postures and Gestures
                  1. Coloration and Pattern Displays
                    1. Bioluminescent Signals
                      1. Movement-Based Displays
                      2. Auditory Communication
                        1. Vocalizations
                          1. Song Structure and Function
                            1. Call Types and Contexts
                            2. Non-Vocal Sounds
                              1. Mechanical Sound Production
                                1. Drumming and Tapping
                                2. Acoustic Properties
                                  1. Frequency Modulation
                                    1. Amplitude Variation
                                      1. Temporal Patterning
                                    2. Chemical Communication
                                      1. Pheromone Types
                                        1. Releaser Pheromones
                                          1. Primer Pheromones
                                            1. Signaler Pheromones
                                            2. Chemical Signal Properties
                                              1. Volatility and Persistence
                                                1. Specificity and Discrimination
                                                2. Scent Marking Behavior
                                                3. Tactile Communication
                                                  1. Touch-Based Signals
                                                    1. Vibrational Communication
                                                      1. Grooming and Social Touch
                                                        1. Electrical Communication
                                                          1. Electric Organ Discharges
                                                            1. Electroreception Systems
                                                        2. Functions of Communication
                                                          1. Species and Individual Recognition
                                                            1. Mate Attraction and Courtship
                                                              1. Parent-Offspring Communication
                                                                1. Social Coordination
                                                                  1. Group Cohesion Maintenance
                                                                    1. Hierarchy Establishment
                                                                      1. Territorial Signaling
                                                                      2. Information Transfer
                                                                        1. Alarm Communication
                                                                          1. Food Location Signaling
                                                                            1. Environmental Condition Reporting
                                                                          2. Evolution of Communication Systems
                                                                            1. Signal Evolution Mechanisms
                                                                              1. Ritualization Process
                                                                                1. Signal Stereotypy Development
                                                                                2. Evolutionary Pressures
                                                                                  1. Sensory Exploitation
                                                                                    1. Sexual Selection on Signals
                                                                                      1. Predator Pressure Effects
                                                                                      2. Honesty and Deception
                                                                                        1. Handicap Principle
                                                                                          1. Index Signals
                                                                                            1. Deceptive Signaling Strategies

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                                                                                        4. Foraging and Anti-Predator Behavior

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                                                                                        6. Mating Behavior and Reproductive Systems