Animal Behavior

  1. Animal Cognition
    1. Defining Animal Cognition
      1. Cognitive Processes in Animals
        1. Anthropomorphism vs. Critical Anthropomorphism
          1. Criteria for Demonstrating Cognition
            1. Comparative Cognition Approach
            2. Learning and Memory
              1. Memory Types
                1. Working Memory
                  1. Reference Memory
                    1. Episodic-Like Memory
                    2. Spatial Cognition
                      1. Cognitive Maps
                        1. Spatial Memory Strategies
                        2. Temporal Cognition
                          1. Time Perception
                            1. Circadian Timing
                              1. Interval Timing
                            2. Problem Solving and Reasoning
                              1. Trial-and-Error Learning
                                1. Insight Learning
                                  1. Causal Reasoning
                                    1. Analogical Reasoning
                                      1. Planning and Future Thinking
                                      2. Tool Use and Manipulation
                                        1. Tool Use Definition
                                          1. Types of Tool Use
                                            1. Tool Modification and Manufacture
                                              1. Learning and Innovation in Tool Use
                                                1. Cultural Transmission of Tool Use
                                                2. Numerical Competency
                                                  1. Quantity Discrimination
                                                    1. Counting Abilities
                                                      1. Arithmetic Operations
                                                        1. Number Concepts
                                                        2. Communication and Language
                                                          1. Symbolic Communication
                                                            1. Referential Communication
                                                              1. Syntax and Grammar
                                                                1. Vocal Learning
                                                                2. Social Cognition
                                                                  1. Theory of Mind
                                                                    1. Perspective Taking
                                                                      1. False Belief Understanding
                                                                        1. Intentionality Recognition
                                                                        2. Deception and Tactical Deception
                                                                          1. Empathy and Emotional Contagion
                                                                            1. Social Learning and Imitation
                                                                              1. True Imitation vs. Emulation
                                                                                1. Cultural Transmission
                                                                                  1. Tradition Formation

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                                                                              9. Spatial Behavior and Movement

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                                                                              11. Applied Animal Behavior