Analog Electronics

Analog electronics is a fundamental branch of electrical engineering that deals with continuous-time signals, where information is represented by physical quantities like voltage or current that vary smoothly over a continuous range. In contrast to digital electronics, which uses discrete states, this field focuses on the design and analysis of circuits using components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, transistors, and operational amplifiers. These components are combined to perform essential functions like amplification, filtering, signal generation, and power conversion, forming the basis for countless applications in audio systems, radio communications, sensor signal conditioning, and power management.

1. Introduction to Analog Electronics
   1. Definition and Scope of Analog Electronics
   2. Historical Development of Analog Electronics
   3. Applications of Analog Electronics
   4. Analog vs. Digital Signals
      1. Characteristics of Analog Signals
      2. Characteristics of Digital Signals
      3. Comparison and Use Cases
      4. Analog-to-Digital Conversion Overview
      5. Digital-to-Analog Conversion Overview
   5. Fundamental Electrical Quantities
      1. Voltage
         1. Definition and Units
         2. Measurement Techniques
      2. Current
         1. Definition and Units
         2. Measurement Techniques
      3. Resistance
         1. Definition and Units
         2. Measurement Techniques
      4. Power
         1. Definition and Calculation
         2. Power in DC Circuits
         3. Power in AC Circuits
      5. Energy
         1. Definition and Calculation
         2. Energy Storage in Circuits
   6. Basic Circuit Laws
      1. Ohm's Law
         1. Mathematical Formulation
         2. Applications and Limitations
      2. Kirchhoff's Current Law
         1. Statement and Explanation
         2. Application in Node Analysis
      3. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
         1. Statement and Explanation
         2. Application in Loop Analysis
   7. Circuit Analysis Techniques
      1. Nodal Analysis
         1. Setting Up Node Equations
         2. Solving for Node Voltages
      2. Mesh Analysis
         1. Setting Up Mesh Equations
         2. Solving for Mesh Currents
      3. Superposition Theorem
         1. Principle and Application Steps
         2. Limitations
      4. Thévenin's Theorem
         1. Thévenin Equivalent Circuit
         2. Finding Thévenin Voltage and Resistance
      5. Norton's Theorem
         1. Norton Equivalent Circuit
         2. Finding Norton Current and Resistance