Analog Electronics

11.

Signal Generators and Waveform-Shaping Circuits

11.1.

Oscillator Fundamentals

11.1.1.

Barkhausen Criterion

11.1.2.

Positive Feedback

11.1.3.

Oscillation Conditions

11.2.

11.2.1.

Wien-Bridge Oscillator

11.2.1.1.

Circuit Configuration

11.2.1.2.

Frequency of Oscillation

11.2.1.3.

Amplitude Control

11.2.2.

Phase-Shift Oscillator

11.2.2.1.

Circuit Configuration

11.2.2.2.

Frequency of Oscillation

11.3.

11.3.1.

Colpitts Oscillator

11.3.1.1.

Circuit Configuration

11.3.1.2.

Frequency of Oscillation

11.3.2.

Hartley Oscillator

11.3.2.1.

Circuit Configuration

11.3.2.2.

Frequency of Oscillation

11.3.3.

Clapp Oscillator

11.3.3.1.

Circuit Configuration

11.3.3.2.

Frequency Stability

11.4.

Crystal Oscillators

11.4.1.

Quartz Crystal Properties

11.4.2.

Equivalent Circuit

11.4.3.

Pierce Oscillator

11.4.4.

Colpitts Crystal Oscillator

11.5.

11.5.1.

Astable Multivibrator

11.5.1.1.

Circuit Operation

11.5.1.2.

Frequency Calculation

11.5.1.3.

11.5.2.

Monostable Multivibrator

11.5.2.1.

Circuit Operation

11.5.2.2.

Pulse Width Calculation

11.5.2.3.

Triggering Methods

11.5.3.

Bistable Multivibrator

11.5.3.1.

Circuit Operation

11.5.3.2.

Set and Reset States

11.6.

11.6.1.

Internal Structure

11.6.2.

Pin Configuration

11.6.3.

Astable Operation

11.6.3.1.

Frequency Calculation

11.6.3.2.

Duty Cycle Control

11.6.4.

Monostable Operation

11.6.4.1.

Pulse Width Calculation

11.6.4.2.

11.6.5.

11.6.5.1.

Timing Circuits

11.6.5.2.

Pulse Generation

11.6.5.3.

Frequency Division

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10. Output Stages and Power Amplifiers

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12. Active Filters