Agroforestry

  1. Ecological Principles and Interactions
    1. Above-Ground Interactions
      1. Microclimate Modification
        1. Light Interception and Shading
          1. Photosynthetically Active Radiation
            1. Light Quality Changes
              1. Seasonal Variations
                1. Effects on Crop Growth
                  1. Photosynthetic Response
                    1. Morphological Changes
                      1. Yield Impacts
                      2. Canopy Management
                        1. Pruning Strategies
                          1. Crown Shaping
                            1. Light Penetration
                          2. Temperature Regulation
                            1. Diurnal Temperature Buffering
                              1. Seasonal Moderation
                                1. Heat Island Reduction
                                2. Humidity Regulation
                                  1. Evapotranspiration Effects
                                    1. Moisture Conservation
                                      1. Vapor Pressure Deficit
                                      2. Wind Speed Reduction
                                        1. Windbreak Effects
                                          1. Turbulence Reduction
                                            1. Boundary Layer Modification
                                          2. Canopy Structure and Stratification
                                            1. Vertical Layering
                                              1. Emergent Layer
                                                1. Canopy Layer
                                                  1. Understory Layer
                                                    1. Shrub Layer
                                                      1. Herb Layer
                                                      2. Species Diversity
                                                        1. Functional Diversity
                                                          1. Structural Diversity
                                                            1. Temporal Diversity
                                                            2. Habitat Creation
                                                              1. Nesting Sites
                                                                1. Feeding Areas
                                                                  1. Shelter Provision
                                                                2. Atmospheric Interactions
                                                                  1. Gas Exchange
                                                                    1. Aerosol Capture
                                                                      1. Precipitation Interception
                                                                    2. Below-Ground Interactions
                                                                      1. Soil Health and Fertility Improvement
                                                                        1. Organic Matter Addition
                                                                          1. Leaf Litter
                                                                            1. Root Turnover
                                                                              1. Woody Debris
                                                                                1. Decomposition Rates
                                                                                2. Litter Decomposition
                                                                                  1. Decomposer Communities
                                                                                    1. Nutrient Release Patterns
                                                                                      1. C:N Ratios
                                                                                      2. Soil Microbial Activity
                                                                                        1. Microbial Biomass
                                                                                          1. Enzyme Activity
                                                                                            1. Fungal Networks
                                                                                            2. Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                                              1. Leguminous Trees
                                                                                                1. Rhizobial Associations
                                                                                                  1. Nodulation Patterns
                                                                                                    1. Fixation Rates
                                                                                                    2. Symbiotic Relationships
                                                                                                      1. Mycorrhizal Associations
                                                                                                        1. Actinomycete Partnerships
                                                                                                          1. Free-Living Fixers
                                                                                                        2. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                                          1. Deep Root Nutrient Pumping
                                                                                                            1. Subsoil Exploration
                                                                                                              1. Nutrient Mobilization
                                                                                                                1. Upward Transport
                                                                                                                2. Redistribution of Nutrients
                                                                                                                  1. Lateral Transfer
                                                                                                                    1. Surface Enrichment
                                                                                                                      1. Spatial Heterogeneity
                                                                                                                  2. Soil Conservation
                                                                                                                    1. Erosion Control
                                                                                                                      1. Surface Cover
                                                                                                                        1. Canopy Protection
                                                                                                                          1. Litter Layer
                                                                                                                            1. Ground Vegetation
                                                                                                                            2. Root Stabilization
                                                                                                                              1. Soil Binding
                                                                                                                                1. Slope Stabilization
                                                                                                                                  1. Mass Movement Prevention
                                                                                                                                2. Improvement of Soil Structure
                                                                                                                                  1. Aggregation
                                                                                                                                    1. Aggregate Stability
                                                                                                                                      1. Pore Structure
                                                                                                                                        1. Bulk Density Reduction
                                                                                                                                        2. Porosity
                                                                                                                                          1. Macropore Development
                                                                                                                                            1. Water Infiltration
                                                                                                                                              1. Gas Exchange
                                                                                                                                          2. Water Management
                                                                                                                                            1. Increased Water Infiltration
                                                                                                                                              1. Surface Roughness
                                                                                                                                                1. Organic Matter Effects
                                                                                                                                                  1. Root Channel Formation
                                                                                                                                                  2. Reduced Surface Runoff
                                                                                                                                                    1. Interception Losses
                                                                                                                                                      1. Detention Storage
                                                                                                                                                        1. Flow Velocity Reduction
                                                                                                                                                        2. Hydraulic Lift
                                                                                                                                                          1. Deep Water Access
                                                                                                                                                            1. Groundwater Utilization
                                                                                                                                                              1. Seasonal Water Sources
                                                                                                                                                                1. Drought Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                2. Redistribution to Surface Layers
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nocturnal Water Movement
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Shallow Root Benefit
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Crop Water Supply
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Soil Chemical Properties
                                                                                                                                                                    1. pH Modification
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cation Exchange Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nutrient Availability
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Plant-Animal Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pollination Services
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Attracting Pollinators
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Floral Resources
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nesting Habitat
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Seasonal Continuity
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Enhancing Crop Yields
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pollination Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fruit Set Improvement
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Quality Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pest Control Services
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Habitat for Natural Enemies
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Predator Refugia
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Parasitoid Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Alternative Prey
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Biological Control
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Population Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pest Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Resistance Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Forage Provision
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Seasonal Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dry Season Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wet Season Abundance
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Year-Round Supply
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Nutritional Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Protein Content
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Digestibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mineral Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Manure and Nutrient Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Manure Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spatial Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nutrient Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Processing Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Soil Fertility Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nutrient Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Organic Matter Input
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Microbial Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Competition and Facilitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Competition for Light
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Canopy Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Understory Light Limitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Competitive Exclusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Competition for Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Root Zone Overlap
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Water Table Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Drought Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Competition for Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Root Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nutrient Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Uptake Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Allelopathy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chemical Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Allelochemical Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Release Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Persistence in Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Effects on Crop Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Germination Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Growth Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Yield Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Positive Interactions and Synergies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Complementarity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Resource Partitioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Niche Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Temporal Separation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Mutual Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Facilitation Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stress Amelioration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Enhanced Productivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Interference and Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Physical Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chemical Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tolerance Mechanisms

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Classification of Agroforestry Systems

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    5. Design and Establishment of Agroforestry Systems