Agroforestry

3.

Classification of Agroforestry Systems

3.1.

Basis of Classification

3.1.1.

Structural Basis

3.1.1.1.

Vertical Stratification

3.1.1.1.1.

3.1.1.1.2.

Understory Development

3.1.1.1.3.

3.1.1.2.

Horizontal Arrangement

3.1.1.2.1.

Random Distribution

3.1.1.2.2.

Regular Spacing

3.1.1.2.3.

Clustered Patterns

3.1.1.2.4.

Linear Arrangements

3.1.2.

Functional Basis

3.1.2.1.

Productive Functions

3.1.2.1.1.

Food Production

3.1.2.1.2.

Fiber Production

3.1.2.1.3.

Energy Production

3.1.2.2.

Protective Functions

3.1.2.2.1.

Soil Conservation

3.1.2.2.2.

Water Protection

3.1.2.2.3.

Windbreak Services

3.1.2.3.

Service Functions

3.1.2.3.1.

Biodiversity Conservation

3.1.2.3.2.

Carbon Sequestration

3.1.2.3.3.

Aesthetic Value

3.1.3.

3.1.3.1.

Simultaneous Systems

3.1.3.1.1.

Concurrent Management

3.1.3.1.2.

Continuous Interaction

3.1.3.1.3.

Permanent Integration

3.1.3.2.

Sequential Systems

3.1.3.2.1.

Rotational Cycles

3.1.3.2.2.

Temporal Separation

3.1.3.2.3.

Fallow Integration

3.1.4.

Socioeconomic Basis

3.1.4.1.

Subsistence Systems

3.1.4.1.1.

Household Food Security

3.1.4.1.2.

Local Consumption

3.1.4.1.3.

Traditional Management

3.1.4.2.

Commercial Systems

3.1.4.2.1.

Market Orientation

3.1.4.2.2.

Profit Maximization

3.1.4.2.3.

Intensive Management

3.1.4.3.

3.1.4.3.1.

Dual Objectives

3.1.4.3.2.

Partial Commercialization

3.1.4.3.3.

Risk Management

3.2.

Major System Categories

3.2.1.

Agrisilvicultural Systems

3.2.1.1.

3.2.1.1.1.

Design and Layout

3.2.1.1.1.1.

3.2.1.1.1.2.

3.2.1.1.1.3.

Tree Orientation

3.2.1.1.2.

Suitable Species

3.2.1.1.2.1.

Nitrogen-Fixing Trees

3.2.1.1.2.2.

Pruning-Tolerant Species

3.2.1.1.2.3.

Fast-Growing Varieties

3.2.1.1.3.

Management Practices

3.2.1.1.3.1.

Pruning Schedules

3.2.1.1.3.2.

Biomass Transfer

3.2.1.1.3.3.

3.2.1.2.

Multilayer Tree Gardens

3.2.1.2.1.

Structure and Diversity

3.2.1.2.1.1.

Canopy Stratification

3.2.1.2.1.2.

Species Composition

3.2.1.2.1.3.

Spatial Arrangement

3.2.1.2.2.

Household Management

3.2.1.2.2.1.

3.2.1.2.2.2.

Traditional Knowledge

3.2.1.2.2.3.

Seasonal Activities

3.2.1.3.

Parkland Systems

3.2.1.3.1.

Scattered Trees in Fields

3.2.1.3.1.1.

3.2.1.3.1.2.

Species Selection

3.2.1.3.1.3.

Spatial Distribution

3.2.1.3.2.

Traditional Examples

3.2.1.3.2.1.

African Parklands

3.2.1.3.2.2.

European Dehesas

3.2.1.3.2.3.

3.2.1.4.

Shelterbelts and Windbreaks

3.2.1.4.1.

Design Principles

3.2.1.4.1.1.

Height and Width

3.2.1.4.1.2.

Porosity Management

3.2.1.4.1.3.

Species Arrangement

3.2.1.4.2.

Benefits and Limitations

3.2.1.4.2.1.

3.2.1.4.2.2.

Crop Protection

3.2.1.4.2.3.

Maintenance Requirements

3.2.1.5.

Living Fences and Boundary Planting

3.2.1.5.1.

3.2.1.5.1.1.

3.2.1.5.1.2.

Fast-Growing Trees

3.2.1.5.1.3.

Multi-Purpose Plants

3.2.1.5.2.

Functions and Management

3.2.1.5.2.1.

Property Demarcation

3.2.1.5.2.2.

Livestock Control

3.2.1.5.2.3.

Additional Products

3.2.1.6.

Improved Fallows

3.2.1.6.1.

Planted Fallows

3.2.1.6.2.

Natural Regeneration

3.2.1.6.3.

Fallow Management

3.2.1.7.

Taungya Systems

3.2.1.7.1.

Forest Plantation Integration

3.2.1.7.2.

Crop-Tree Sequences

3.2.1.7.3.

Institutional Arrangements

3.2.2.

Silvopastoral Systems

3.2.2.1.

Trees on Rangeland or Pastures

3.2.2.1.1.

Tree Density and Distribution

3.2.2.1.1.1.

Optimal Spacing

3.2.2.1.1.2.

Clumped vs. Dispersed

3.2.2.1.1.3.

3.2.2.1.2.

Impact on Forage Production

3.2.2.1.2.1.

3.2.2.1.2.2.

Competition Dynamics

3.2.2.1.2.3.

Forage Quality Changes

3.2.2.2.

3.2.2.2.1.

Establishment and Management

3.2.2.2.1.1.

3.2.2.2.1.2.

Planting Techniques

3.2.2.2.1.3.

Harvesting Methods

3.2.2.2.2.

Species Selection

3.2.2.2.2.1.

High-Protein Fodder

3.2.2.2.2.2.

Palatability Factors

3.2.2.2.2.3.

Seasonal Production

3.2.2.3.

Plantation Crops with Pastures

3.2.2.3.1.

Integration Approaches

3.2.2.3.1.1.

Understory Grazing

3.2.2.3.1.2.

Rotational Systems

3.2.2.3.1.3.

Complementary Management

3.2.2.3.2.

Management Challenges

3.2.2.3.2.1.

Grazing Pressure

3.2.2.3.2.2.

Tree Protection

3.2.2.3.2.3.

Productivity Balance

3.2.2.4.

Silvopastoral Woodlots

3.2.2.5.

Forest Grazing Systems

3.2.2.6.

Fodder Trees and Shrubs

3.2.3.

Agrosilvopastoral Systems

3.2.3.1.

Homegardens with Livestock

3.2.3.1.1.

System Structure

3.2.3.1.1.1.

Spatial Organization

3.2.3.1.1.2.

Component Integration

3.2.3.1.1.3.

Seasonal Patterns

3.2.3.1.2.

Management Practices

3.2.3.1.2.1.

Integrated Planning

3.2.3.1.2.2.

Resource Cycling

3.2.3.1.2.3.

Labor Allocation

3.2.3.2.

Integrated Fallow Systems with Grazing

3.2.3.2.1.

Rotational Fallow

3.2.3.2.1.1.

Fallow Duration

3.2.3.2.1.2.

Grazing Periods

3.2.3.2.1.3.

3.2.3.2.2.

Soil Fertility Restoration

3.2.3.2.2.1.

Nutrient Accumulation

3.2.3.2.2.2.

Organic Matter Build-up

3.2.3.2.2.3.

Biological Activity

3.2.3.3.

Mixed Farming Systems

3.2.3.3.1.

Crop-Livestock-Tree Integration

3.2.3.3.2.

Resource Flow Management

3.2.3.3.3.

Seasonal Coordination

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2. Components of Agroforestry Systems

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4. Ecological Principles and Interactions