Agroforestry

  1. Classification of Agroforestry Systems
    1. Basis of Classification
      1. Structural Basis
        1. Vertical Stratification
          1. Canopy Layers
            1. Understory Development
              1. Ground Cover
              2. Horizontal Arrangement
                1. Random Distribution
                  1. Regular Spacing
                    1. Clustered Patterns
                      1. Linear Arrangements
                    2. Functional Basis
                      1. Productive Functions
                        1. Food Production
                          1. Fiber Production
                            1. Energy Production
                            2. Protective Functions
                              1. Soil Conservation
                                1. Water Protection
                                  1. Windbreak Services
                                  2. Service Functions
                                    1. Biodiversity Conservation
                                      1. Carbon Sequestration
                                        1. Aesthetic Value
                                      2. Temporal Basis
                                        1. Simultaneous Systems
                                          1. Concurrent Management
                                            1. Continuous Interaction
                                              1. Permanent Integration
                                              2. Sequential Systems
                                                1. Rotational Cycles
                                                  1. Temporal Separation
                                                    1. Fallow Integration
                                                  2. Socioeconomic Basis
                                                    1. Subsistence Systems
                                                      1. Household Food Security
                                                        1. Local Consumption
                                                          1. Traditional Management
                                                          2. Commercial Systems
                                                            1. Market Orientation
                                                              1. Profit Maximization
                                                                1. Intensive Management
                                                                2. Mixed Systems
                                                                  1. Dual Objectives
                                                                    1. Partial Commercialization
                                                                      1. Risk Management
                                                                  2. Major System Categories
                                                                    1. Agrisilvicultural Systems
                                                                      1. Alley Cropping
                                                                        1. Design and Layout
                                                                          1. Row Spacing
                                                                            1. Alley Width
                                                                              1. Tree Orientation
                                                                              2. Suitable Species
                                                                                1. Nitrogen-Fixing Trees
                                                                                  1. Pruning-Tolerant Species
                                                                                    1. Fast-Growing Varieties
                                                                                    2. Management Practices
                                                                                      1. Pruning Schedules
                                                                                        1. Biomass Transfer
                                                                                          1. Crop Rotation
                                                                                        2. Multilayer Tree Gardens
                                                                                          1. Structure and Diversity
                                                                                            1. Canopy Stratification
                                                                                              1. Species Composition
                                                                                                1. Spatial Arrangement
                                                                                                2. Household Management
                                                                                                  1. Family Labor
                                                                                                    1. Traditional Knowledge
                                                                                                      1. Seasonal Activities
                                                                                                    2. Parkland Systems
                                                                                                      1. Scattered Trees in Fields
                                                                                                        1. Tree Density
                                                                                                          1. Species Selection
                                                                                                            1. Spatial Distribution
                                                                                                            2. Traditional Examples
                                                                                                              1. African Parklands
                                                                                                                1. European Dehesas
                                                                                                                  1. Asian Systems
                                                                                                                2. Shelterbelts and Windbreaks
                                                                                                                  1. Design Principles
                                                                                                                    1. Height and Width
                                                                                                                      1. Porosity Management
                                                                                                                        1. Species Arrangement
                                                                                                                        2. Benefits and Limitations
                                                                                                                          1. Wind Reduction
                                                                                                                            1. Crop Protection
                                                                                                                              1. Maintenance Requirements
                                                                                                                            2. Living Fences and Boundary Planting
                                                                                                                              1. Species Used
                                                                                                                                1. Thorny Species
                                                                                                                                  1. Fast-Growing Trees
                                                                                                                                    1. Multi-Purpose Plants
                                                                                                                                    2. Functions and Management
                                                                                                                                      1. Property Demarcation
                                                                                                                                        1. Livestock Control
                                                                                                                                          1. Additional Products
                                                                                                                                        2. Improved Fallows
                                                                                                                                          1. Planted Fallows
                                                                                                                                            1. Natural Regeneration
                                                                                                                                              1. Fallow Management
                                                                                                                                              2. Taungya Systems
                                                                                                                                                1. Forest Plantation Integration
                                                                                                                                                  1. Crop-Tree Sequences
                                                                                                                                                    1. Institutional Arrangements
                                                                                                                                                  2. Silvopastoral Systems
                                                                                                                                                    1. Trees on Rangeland or Pastures
                                                                                                                                                      1. Tree Density and Distribution
                                                                                                                                                        1. Optimal Spacing
                                                                                                                                                          1. Clumped vs. Dispersed
                                                                                                                                                            1. Edge Effects
                                                                                                                                                            2. Impact on Forage Production
                                                                                                                                                              1. Shade Effects
                                                                                                                                                                1. Competition Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Forage Quality Changes
                                                                                                                                                                2. Protein Banks
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Establishment and Management
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Site Selection
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Planting Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Harvesting Methods
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Species Selection
                                                                                                                                                                          1. High-Protein Fodder
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Palatability Factors
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Seasonal Production
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Plantation Crops with Pastures
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Integration Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Understory Grazing
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rotational Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Complementary Management
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Management Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Grazing Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tree Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Productivity Balance
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Silvopastoral Woodlots
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Forest Grazing Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fodder Trees and Shrubs
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Agrosilvopastoral Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Homegardens with Livestock
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. System Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spatial Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Component Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Management Practices
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Integrated Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Resource Cycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Labor Allocation
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Integrated Fallow Systems with Grazing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Rotational Fallow
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fallow Duration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Grazing Periods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Crop Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Soil Fertility Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nutrient Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Organic Matter Build-up
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biological Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Mixed Farming Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Crop-Livestock-Tree Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Resource Flow Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Seasonal Coordination

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Components of Agroforestry Systems

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                      4. Ecological Principles and Interactions